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The Enfield poltergeist was a claim of supernatural activity at 284 Green Street, a council house in Brimsdown, Enfield, London, England, between 1977 and 1979. The alleged poltergeist activity was centred on sisters Janet, aged 11, and Margaret Hodgson, aged 13.^[1]

Some members of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) such as inventor Maurice Grosse and writer Guy Lyon Playfair, believed the haunting to be genuine, while others like Anita Gregory and John Beloff were "unconvinced" and found evidence the girls had faked incidents for the benefit of journalists. Members of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), including stage magicians Milbourne Christopher and Joe Nickell, criticised paranormal investigators for being credulous whilst also identifying elements of the case as being indicative of a hoax.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The story attracted press coverage in British newspapers, has been mentioned in books, featured in television and radio^[5] documentaries, and dramatised in the 2016 horror film The Conjuring 2.

Claims

In August 1977, single mother Peggy Hodgson called the Metropolitan Police to her rented home at 284 Green Street in Enfield, London, saying she had witnessed furniture moving and that two of her four children had heard knocking sounds on the walls. The children included Janet, aged 11, and Margaret, aged 13. A police constable reported witnessing a chair "wobble and slide" but "could not determine the cause of the movement."^[3] Later claims included disembodied voices, loud noises, thrown toys, overturned chairs, and children levitating.^[1]

Over a period of eighteen months, more than 30 people, including the Hodgsons' neighbours, paranormal investigators and journalists, said they variously saw heavy furniture moving of its own accord, objects being thrown across a room and the sisters seeming to levitate several feet off the ground. Many also heard and recorded knocking noises and a gruff voice.^[5] The story was regularly covered in the Daily Mirror newspaper until reports came to an end in 1979.^[3]^[6]

Investigations

Paranormal

Society for Psychical Research (SPR) members Maurice Grosse and Guy Lyon Playfair reported: "curious whistling and barking noises coming from Janet's general direction." Although Playfair maintained the paranormal activity was genuine and wrote in his later book This House Is Haunted: The True Story of a Poltergeist (1980) that an "entity" was to blame for the Enfield disturbances, he often doubted the children's veracity and wondered if they were playing tricks and exaggerating. Still, Grosse and Playfair believed that, even though some of the alleged poltergeist activity was faked by the girls, other incidents were genuine.^[3]^[6]^[7] Other paranormal investigators who visited the Enfield house included American demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren, who were convinced that the events had a supernatural explanation. According to Brian Dunning, the Warrens' visit was short: "Ed Warren tried to persuade Playfair that money could be made from this case by writing books and selling movie rights; and then the Warrens left".^[8]^[9]^[3]

Janet was detected in trickery: a video camera in an adjoining room caught her bending spoons and attempting to bend an iron bar.^[10]^[11] Grosse had observed Janet banging a broom handle on the ceiling and hiding his tape recorder.^[2] According to Playfair, one of Janet's voices, whom she called Bill, displayed a "habit of suddenly changing the topic—it was a habit Janet also had".^[4] When Janet and Margaret admitted pranking to journalists, Grosse and Playfair compelled the girls to retract their confessions.^[3] The two men were mocked by other researchers for being easily duped.^[12]

Psychical researcher Renée Haynes noted that doubts were raised about the alleged poltergeist voice at the SPR conference at Cambridge in 1978, where videocassettes from Enfield were examined.^[13] SPR investigator Anita Gregory stated the Enfield case had been "overrated", characterising several episodes of the girls' behaviour as "suspicious" and speculated that the girls had "staged" some incidents for the benefit of journalists seeking a sensational story.^[3]^[6] John Beloff, a former president of the SPR, investigated and suggested Janet was practising ventriloquism. Both Beloff and Gregory came to the conclusion that Janet and Margaret were playing tricks on the investigators.^[14]

In the first edition of the BBC series Hauntings, broadcast on 13 October 2024, it was revealed that the unexplained voice of "Bill Wilkins" was later played on an LBC radio talk show, featuring Maurice Grosse. A listener to the show identified the voice as that of his father, William Charles Wilkins, who had lived at the house, had gone blind, had suffered a haemorrhage and had died in a chair downstairs, on 20 June 1963.^[15]

Other

Milbourne Christopher, an American stage magician, briefly investigated the Enfield occurrences and failed to observe anything that could be called paranormal. He was dismayed by what he felt was suspicious activity on the part of Janet, later concluding that "the poltergeist was nothing more than the antics of a little girl who wanted to cause trouble and who was very, very clever."^[3] Ventriloquist Ray Alan visited the house and concluded that Janet's male voices were simply vocal tricks.^[3]

Sceptical interpretations

Criticism of investigations

Sceptic Joe Nickell of the US-based Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) examined the findings of paranormal investigators and criticised them for being overly credulous; when a supposedly disembodied demonic voice was heard, Playfair noted that "as always Janet's lips hardly seemed to be moving." He states that a remote-controlled still camera—the photographer was not present in the room with the girls—timed to take a picture every fifteen seconds was shown by investigator Melvin Harris to reveal pranking by the girls. He argues that a photo allegedly depicting Janet levitating actually shows her bouncing off the bed as if it were a trampoline. Harris called the photos examples of common "gymnastics" and said, "It's worth remembering that Janet was a school sports champion!"

Nickell pointed out that a tape-recorder malfunction that Grosse attributed to supernatural activity and SPR president David Fontana described as an occurrence "which appeared to defy the laws of mechanics" was a peculiar threading jam occurring with older model reel to reel tape-recorders.^[16] He also said that Ed Warren was "notorious for exaggerating and even making up incidents in such cases, often transforming a 'haunting' case into one of 'demonic possession'."^[3]

In 2015 Deborah Hyde commented that there was no solid evidence for the Enfield poltergeist: "The first thing to note is that the occurrences didn't happen under controlled circumstances. People frequently see what they expect to see, their senses being organised and shaped by their prior experiences and beliefs."^[4]

Response to claims

Sceptics have argued that the alleged poltergeist voice that originated from Janet was produced by false vocal cords above the larynx and had the phraseology and vocabulary of a child.^[2] In a television interview for BBC Scotland, Janet was observed to gain attention by waving her hand and then putting her hand in front of her mouth while a claimed "disembodied" voice was heard. During the interview both girls were asked the question, "How does it feel to be haunted by a poltergeist?" Janet replied, "It's not haunted" and Margaret, in a hushed tone, interrupted, "Shut up". Sceptics have regarded these factors as evidence against the case.^[2]

As a "magician experienced in the dynamics of trickery" Nickell examined Playfair's account and contemporary press clippings. He noted that the supposed poltergeist "tended to act only when it was not being watched" and concluded that the incidents were best explained as children's pranks.^[3]

Although Grosse made tape recordings of Janet and believed no trickery was involved, the magician Bob Couttie said, "He made some of the recordings available to me and, having listened to them very carefully, I came to the conclusion that there was nothing in what I had heard that was beyond the capabilities of an imaginative teenager."^[2] All of the recordings have been catalogued and digitised by the SPR and a book of their content, The Enfield Poltergeist Tapes: White Crow, was produced by Dr Melvyn Willin in 2019.^[17]

A 2016 article by psychology professor Chris French in Time Out magazine described five reasons why he believed the case to have been a hoax.^[18] His reasons are:

The two sisters involved admitted to hoaxing some of the activity
The photo of Janet levitating above her bed could just as easily be explained as Janet jumping
The "spirit" of an old man who supposedly possessed Janet took a great deal of interest in menstruation^{[further explanation needed]}
Eyewitnesses are notoriously unreliable
Other schoolgirl pranks before and after have got out of hand

In popular culture

On 26 December 1978 BBC Radio 4 broadcast the documentary The Enfield Poltergeist by BBC reporter Rosalind Morris. Morris visited the Hodgson family on numerous occasions to make this documentary.^[19]
In 1992 the BBC aired a controversial mockumentary titled Ghostwatch, written by Stephen Volk and based on the Enfield poltergeist.^[20]
In March 2007 Channel 4 aired a documentary about the Enfield poltergeist titled Interview with a Poltergeist.^{[citation needed]}
The Enfield poltergeist has been featured in episodes of ITV series Strange but True? and Extreme Ghost Stories.
The Enfield poltergeist was the subject of the 2015 Sky Living television series The Enfield Haunting, which was broadcast from 4–17 May 2015.^{[citation needed]}
The 2016 film The Conjuring 2 is based on Ed and Lorraine Warren's investigation of the case.^[21]
In 2018 the BBC Radio 4 programme The Reunion, presented by Sue MacGregor, revisited the case, with interviews with witnesses Morris, Richard Grosse and Graham Morris.^[5]
In 2023 a play titled The Enfield Haunting was announced, starring Catherine Tate, to be premiered at Theatre Royal, Brighton and Richmond Theatre before moving to the Ambassadors Theatre in London from 30 November 2023 to 2 March 2024.^[22]
On 27 October 2023 Apple TV debuted "The Enfield Poltergeist" miniseries, filming the documentary in a recreated set of the allegedly haunted house at 284 Green Street, utilising actors lipsyncing to original tape recordings, archival video footage and modern-day interviews with living witnesses of the events.

References

^ ^a ^b Storr, Will (3 May 2015). "The Real Story of the Enfield Haunting". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Couttie, Bob (22 March 1988). Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox. The Lutterworth Press. p. 62-64. ISBN 978-0718826864. The case remains very controversial. Grosse, Playfair, Hasted and others believe it was genuine, Anita Gregory and other members of the SPR were unconvinced. Magicians and ventriloquists came to the conclusion that Janet was cheating.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Nickell, Joe (July 2012). "Investigative Files | Enfield Poltergeist". Skeptical Inquirer. 36 (4). Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hyde, Deborah (1 May 2015). "The Enfield 'Poltergeist': A Sceptic Speaks". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Enfield Poltergeist". The Reunion. BBC Sounds. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nickell, Joe (3 July 2012). The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits of the Dead. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1616145859.
^ Playfair, Guy Lyon (20 April 2011). This House is Haunted: The True Story of the Enfield Poltergeist. White Crow Books. ISBN 978-1907661785.
^ Newkirk, Greg. "Conjuring the Truth: Enfield Poltergeist Investigator Says Ed and Lorraine Warren Never Investigated Case". weekinweird.com. The Week In Weird. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ Dunning, Brian. "Conjuring Up the Warrens". skeptoid.com. Skeptoid. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (1 April 1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Guinness World Records. p. 109. ISBN 978-0851127484.
^ Clarkson, Michael (4 February 2006). Poltergeists: Examining Mysteries of the Paranormal. Firefly Books. p. 135. ISBN 978-1554071593. Anita Gregory, of the Society for Psychical Research, who had spent just a short time at the Hodgson home, said the mysterious men's voices were simply the result of Janet and Margaret putting bed sheets to their mouths. In addition Gregory said that a video camera had caught Janet attempting to bend spoons and an iron bar by force and 'practising' levitation by bouncing up and down on her bed.
^ Carlson, H. G. (1 November 1994). Mysteries of the Unexplained. McGraw-Hill Contemporary. p. 46. ISBN 978-0809234974.
^ Haynes, Renée (16 August 1982). History of the Society for Psychical Research: 1882-1982. Random House/The Book Services. p. 112. ISBN 978-0356078755.
^ Clarkson 2006, p. 131
^ "Hauntings - Series 1: 1. The Enfield Poltergeist" – via www.bbc.co.uk.
^ Nickell, Joe (1 September 1995). "The Haunted Tape Recorder". Skeptical Briefs. 5 (3). Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ Willin, Melvyn (25 May 2019). The Enfield Poltergeist Tapes. White Crow Books. ISBN 978-1786770738.
^ French, Chris (17 June 2016). "Five reasons why London's most famous poltergeist case is a hoax". Time Out. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
^ "The Enfield Poltergeist (Original TX on BBC R4 on 26/12/1978)". BBC Radio 4. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
^ Jagodzinski, Jan (2004). Youth Fantasies: The Perverse Landscape of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4039-6164-8.
^ Hawkes, Rebecca (12 May 2015). "What did the Enfield Haunting have to do with Ed and Lorraine Warren?". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017.
^ "Catherine Tate to star in Enfield poltergeist West End show". BBC News. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.