Emirates Mars Mission

"Mars Hope" redirects here. For Hope, the location on Mars, see List of craters on Mars: H–N.
"Hope orbiter" redirects here. For other uses, see Hope (disambiguation).

Emirates Mars Mission
A 3D rendering of the Hope spacecraft
NamesHope probe
OperatorMohammed bin Rashid Space Centre
COSPAR ID2020-047A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.45918
Websiteemiratesmarsmission.ae
Mission duration1444 days and 3 hours
(since orbital insertion)
2 years (planned)[1]
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftHope (Arabic: الأمل, Al-Amal)
Manufacturer
Launch mass1350 kg, including
800 kg hydrazine fuel[2][3]
Dry mass550 kg[3]
Dimensions2.37 m × 2.90 m
Power1800 watts from two solar panels
Start of mission
Launch date20 July 2020, 21:58:14 UTC[4]
RocketH-IIA
Launch siteTanegashima, LP-1
ContractorMitsubishi Heavy Industries
Orbital parameters
Periareon altitude20,000 km (12,000 mi) [5]
Apoareon altitude43,000 km (27,000 mi)
InclinationSupersynchronous orbit
Period55 hours
Mars orbiter
Orbital insertion9 February 2021, 15:30 UTC [6]
Instruments
  • EXI (Emirates eXploration Imager)
    EMIRS (Emirates Mars InfraRed Spectrometer)
    EMUS (Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer)

Hope Mars mission logo

The Emirates Mars Mission (Arabic: مشروع الإمارات لاستكشاف المريخ, romanized: mašrū' al-Imārāt l-āstikšāf al-Murīkh) is a United Arab Emirates Space Agency uncrewed space exploration mission to Mars. The Hope probe (Arabic: مسبار الأمل, Misbar Al-Amal) was launched on 20 July 2020,[6] and went into orbit around Mars on 9 February 2021.

The project was headed by Omran Sharaf. 200 Emirati scientists and engineers from the UAE and partner institutes were involved in the project. The mission design, development, and operations are led by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC).[7] The spacecraft was assembled in the United States at the University of Colorado Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) by the Emirati engineers, assisted by their American counterparts, with support from Arizona State University (ASU) and the University of California, Berkeley.[8][9] The project was led by MBRSC at every stage.[10]

The space probe will study daily and seasonal weather cycles, weather events in the lower atmosphere such as dust storms, and how the weather varies in different regions of the planet. It will also add to knowledge about Mars atmospheric hydrogen and oxygen loss and other possible reasons behind the planet's drastic climate changes. The mission is being carried out by a team of Emirati engineers in collaboration with foreign research institutions, and is a contribution towards a knowledge-based economy in the UAE.[11]

Hope was the first of three space missions sent toward Mars during the July 2020 Mars launch window, with missions also launched by the national space agencies of China (Tianwen-1 orbiter, deployable and remote cameras, lander and Zhurong rover) and the United States (Mars 2020 and its Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter drone). The spacecraft was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan with a Japanese rocket, the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA launch vehicle. All three arrived at Mars in February 2021. The Emirates Mars Mission was the first of the three to arrive at Mars, performing a successful orbit entry maneuver on 9 February 2021.[12][13]

On 9 February 2021, the United Arab Emirates became the first Arab country and the fifth country to reach Mars and the second country to successfully enter Mars' orbit on its first try after India. In April 2023, The New York Times reported an updated global map of Mars based on images from the Hope spacecraft.[14]

Overview

The idea for a UAE mission to Mars came from a UAE cabinet retreat at the end of 2013.[15] The mission was announced by Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the President of the United Arab Emirates, in July 2014,[16] and is aimed at enriching the capabilities of Emirati engineers and increasing human knowledge about the Martian atmosphere.[17]

The spacecraft is a Mars orbiter for studying the Martian atmosphere and climate. It was built by a joint Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)/Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) team at the University of Colorado Boulder with support from Arizona State University (ASU) and the University of California, Berkeley.[18][19][20][21] The Hope probe was launched from Japan by a Japanese H-IIA launch vehicle, built and operated by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) on 19 July 2020 and arrived at Mars on 9 February 2021.[22][19] It became the first mission to Mars by any West Asian, Arab or Muslim-majority country.[23] The UAE Space Agency (UAESA) and the Indian Space Research Organization set up a joint working group to assist UAESA in the Emirates Mars Mission.[24]

To accomplish the objectives of the Emirates Mars Mission, an agreement was signed between the United Arab Emirates Space Agency (UAESA) and MBRSC, under a directive given by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai.[25] As per the agreement, the Emirates Mars Mission will be funded by the UAE Space Agency and it will also supervise the complete execution process for the Hope probe. The agreement outlines the financial and legal framework along with assigning a timeline for the entire project.[16] Under the agreement, MBRSC has been commissioned to design and manufacture the Hope probe.[16]

The mission deputy project manager and science lead, Sarah Al Amiri, collaborated with LASP, UC Berkeley, and ASU to design and build the orbiter.[20][21][26] The project manager is Omran Sharaf.[21]

The name Hope (Arabic: al-Amal) was chosen because "it sends a message of optimism to millions of young Arabs", according to Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.[21] The resulting mission data will be shared freely with more than 200 institutions worldwide.[27]

The Hope probe is cuboid [28] in shape and structure, with a mass of 1,350 kg (2,980 lb) including fuel. The probe is 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) wide and 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in) long, equivalent to a small car. Hope uses two 900 watts solar panels to charge its batteries, and it communicates with Earth using a high-gain 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) - wide dish antenna. The spacecraft is equipped with star tracker sensors which help determine its position in space by identifying the constellations in relation to the Sun. Six 120-N thrusters control the speed of the probe, and eight 5 N (1.1 lbf) reaction control system (RCS) thrusters are responsible for delicate maneuvers.[29]

Animation of Emirates Mars Mission
Around Sun
Around Mars
  Emirates Mars Mission ·   Sun ·   Earth ·   Mars

The travel time of the Hope probe was about 200 days on its journey of 493×10^6 km (306×10^6 mi).[30] Upon arrival, it entered an initial 40-hour orbit,[31] from which it will perform a periapsis raising maneuver to enter a final orbit of 55 hour period (slightly over 2 Martian days) and study the Martian atmosphere for two years while its instruments help build holistic models of it. The data are expected to provide additional data on the escape of the atmosphere to outer space.[32] The Hope probe will carry three scientific instruments to study the Martian atmosphere, which include a digital camera for high resolution coloured images, an infrared spectrometer which will examine the temperature profile, ice, water vapor in the atmosphere, and an ultraviolet spectrometer which will study the upper atmosphere and traces of oxygen and hydrogen further out into space.[33]

The mission is regarded as an investment in the UAE's economy and human capital. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum mentioned three messages when he announced the mission: "The first message is for the world: that Arab civilisation once played a great role in contributing to human knowledge, and will play that role again; the second message is to our Arab brethren: that nothing is impossible, and that we can compete with the greatest of nations in the race for knowledge and the third message is for those who strive to reach the highest of peaks: set no limits to your ambitions, and you can reach even to space".[34] The mission is timed to arrive at Mars before the fiftieth anniversary (2 December 2021) of the independence of the United Arab Emirates. According to the UAE's minister of cabinet affairs, Mohammad bin Abdullah Al Gergawi, the mission's cost was US$200 million.[35]

A prototype of the Hope spacecraft was displayed at the Dubai Airshow in November 2017. The prototype is a model built to give a general idea of what the spacecraft will look like.[36] Project manager Omran Sharaf said the mission is on track to launch in July 2020.[37] The spacecraft was successfully launched on a Mitsubishi H-IIA rocket from the Tanegashima Space Center near Minamitane, Japan on 19 July 2020, at 21:58:14 UTC.[35]

The 2021 International Astronautical Congress is to be held in October 2021 in Dubai, eight months after the Hope Mars Mission enters orbit around Mars. This meeting was originally planned for 2020, but the 2020 IAC was changed to an online format.[38]

Scientific objectives

To decide on its science objectives, the EMM team consulted the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group, a NASA-led international forum that considers past and current Mars missions and identifies gaps in knowledge to tackle in future Mars missions. The EMM team selected a set of three instruments and a high supersynchronous orbit, to provide a global view of Mars' atmosphere.[15] The EMM orbit has a periapse of about 20,000 km, an apoapse of about 43,000 km and a period of 55 hours.[39] This orbit was selected with the goal of studying the atmosphere daily and through seasonal cycles, weather events in the lower atmosphere such as dust storms, and comparing weather at different geographic areas of Mars. According to the Hope Mars Mission team, the probe will be the "first true weather satellite" at Mars.[40]

The Hope probe will study the atmospheric layers of Mars in detail and will provide data to study: the reason for a drastic climatic change in the Martian atmosphere from the time it could sustain liquid water to today, when the atmosphere is so thin water can exist only as ice or vapour, to help understand how and why Mars is losing its hydrogen and oxygen into space, and the connection between the upper and lower levels of the Martian atmosphere.[40] Data from the Hope probe will also help model Earth's atmosphere and study its evolution over millions of years.[34] All data gained from the mission will be made available to 200 universities and research institutes across the globe for the purpose of knowledge sharing.[34]

In April 2023, The New York Times reported an updated global map of Mars based on images from the Hope spacecraft.[14]

During a fly-by performed on March 10 2023, the first-ever close-up global images of the Martian moon Deimos were released, taken by the Mars Hope orbiter.[41][42]

Hope spacecraft

The robotic probe sent to Mars under the Emirates Mars Mission has been named "Hope" or Al-Amal (Arabic: الأمل), as it is intended to send out a message of optimism to millions of Arabs across the globe and encourage them towards innovation.[43] In April 2015, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid invited the Arab world to name the probe. The name was selected after thousands of suggestions were received, as it describes the core objective of the mission.[44] The name of the probe was announced in May 2015 and since then the mission is sometimes referred to as the "Hope Mars Mission".[44]

Construction and transfer

Hope arriving to the launch site in Japan after being shipped from MBRSC in Dubai.

The spacecraft was assembled at LASP in Boulder, Colorado, where Emirati engineers worked and learned from their American counterparts. It was launched from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan.[9] The probe arrived at the launch site in Japan in April 2020, after officials navigated coronavirus-related quarantine protocols and travel restrictions. However, the coronavirus forced officials to shuffle the schedule, and mission managers decided to send the probe to Japan earlier. The decision to ship the spacecraft to the launch site forced engineers in Dubai to curtail some of the planned testings on the probe, but all critical checks were completed before the orbiter left for Japan in April 2020. The officials dispatched 11 engineers and technicians in early April to Japan, where they spent two weeks in quarantine to ensure they had no symptoms of the COVID-19 viral disease. On 20 April 2020, the Hope spacecraft left MBRSC in Dubai to begin the four-day journey to Tanegashima. Packaged inside a climate-controlled shipping container, the spacecraft was transported in a Russian-operated, Ukrainian-built Antonov An-124 cargo plane from Dubai to Nagoya, Japan. The final phase of the journey occurred aboard a ship, which carried the probe from Nagoya to Tanegashima Island on 24 April 2020. Six members of the Emirates Mars Mission team accompanied the spacecraft to Japan. Once there, they began their own two-week quarantine period as mandated by the Japanese government. When they complete the quarantine period, the personnel join the 11 engineers and technicians to complete final testing on the spacecraft inside a payload processing facility clean room at Tanegashima.[45]

Specifications

The Hope probe is built from aluminium in a honeycomb structure with a composite face-sheet. With a mass of 1,350 kg (2,980 lb) including the propellant, the overall size and dimensions of the probe is comparable to a small car.[46]

  • Dimensions: 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) in width and 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in) in length
  • Mass: 1,350 kg (2,980 lb)
  • Power: 1800 watts from two solar panels[46]

For the purpose of communication, the probe uses a high-gain antenna 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) in diameter. This antenna produces a narrow radio-wave that must point towards Earth. There are low-gain antennas in the structure of the probe for directional communication at lower bandwidth. Star trackers are used for position determination in space by studying the constellations in relation to the Sun.[46] Hope is equipped with six 120 N (27 lbf) thrusters and eight 5 N (1.1 lbf) reaction control system (RCS) thrusters. The function of the six delta-v thrusters is velocity management, while the RCS thrusters are used for attitude control and delicate maneuvering. The reaction wheels within the probe allow it to reorient itself while traveling through space, helping it point its antenna towards Earth or point any scientific instrument towards Mars.[46]

Instruments

Photo of Mars taken by Hope

To achieve the scientific objectives of the mission, the Hope probe is equipped with three scientific instruments:[46]

  • Emirates eXploration Imager (EXI) is a multi-band camera capable of taking high-resolution images with a spatial resolution of better than 8 km. It uses a selector wheel mechanism consisting of six discrete bandpass filters to sample the optical spectral region: three UV bands and three visible (RGB) bands. EXI measures properties of water, ice, dust, aerosols, and abundance of ozone in Mars's atmosphere. The instrument was developed at LASP in collaboration with MBRSC.[47]
  • Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS) is an interferometric thermal infrared spectrometer developed by ASU, Northern Arizona University (NAU),[48] and MBRSC. It measures the emitted radiance from surface and atmosphere, determining the surface temperature, atmospheric temperature profiles, along with ice, water vapor and dust abundances in the atmosphere. EMIRS will provide a view of the lower and middle atmosphere. Development was led by ASU[48][49] with support from NAU and MBRSC.
  • Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS) is a far-ultraviolet imaging spectrograph that measures emissions in the spectral range 100–170 nm to measure global characteristics and variability of the thermosphere, and hydrogen and oxygen coronae. Design and development was led by LASP.[50]

Launch window

The rocket was launched during a brief launch window starting on 14 July 2020.[51] The spacecraft was launched on 19 July 2020 from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan using a Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA launch vehicle,[51] and it arrived at Mars on 9 February 2021.[35]

Guidance and navigation

KinetX Aerospace, based in Tempe, Arizona, are providing navigation services for the mission.[52] NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) is being used to communicate with and track the spacecraft.[53] KinetX uses the radio tracking data provided by the DSN to estimate the spacecraft's trajectory and design the maneuvers necessary to keep Hope on its planned trajectory and insert into Mars orbit.[54]

Mission design

Advanced Space, based in Boulder, Colorado, is providing mission design services for the mission.[55] Advanced Space created the reference trajectory, reference maneuvers, and science events list. They also provide verification for all maneuvers as well as the launch targets.

Team

Omran Sharaf, mission project manager, announcing the mission in Dubai in 2015.

The mission team is divided into seven groups including Spacecraft, Logistics, Mission Operations, Project Management, Science Education and Outreach, Ground Station, and Launch Vehicle. The team is headed by Omran Sharaf, who acts as the project manager and is responsible for managing and supporting the ongoing tasks related to the Emirates Mars Mission.[56]

Sarah Amiri is the deputy project manager and the lead science investigator, who leads the team in developing the mission's objectives and aligning programmes related to the instrumentation of the Hope probe.[56] The mission has been referred to as having the potential to make a lasting contribution to the economy and people of the United Arab Emirates.[57]

The mission team includes 150 Emirati engineers and 200 engineers and scientists at partner institutes in the United States, with Omran Sharaf as the project director; Pete Withnell as the program manager; Sarah Amiri, deputy program manager and the lead science investigator; Ibrahim Hamza Al Qasim, deputy project manager, strategic planning; and Zakareyya Al Shamsi, deputy project manager for the operations.[58][56][59]

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) held meetings with the mission team and shared their experience and assisted in their launch of the Mars mission.[60][61]

Trajectory corrections and arrival

The UAE's Hope Mars orbiter successfully executed its first interplanetary course correction maneuver (TCM1), mission officials announced 17 August 2020.[62]

The orbiter arrived at Mars on 9 February 2021; around 19:42 Gulf Standard Time (UTC+04:00), the craft started firing its thrusters to insert itself into Mars' orbit, a process that took about 27 minutes of thrust burn to complete. The craft then entered radio silence as it swung around Mars, but reported it had successfully entered orbit about 15 minutes later.[13][63]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Journey of Emirates Mars Mission". Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  2. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Jonathan's Space Report No. 781 Draft". 19 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  4. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission". emiratesmarsmission.ae.
  5. ^ "UAE Unveils Mission Plan for the First Arab Space Probe to Mars". Ministry of Cabinet Affairs. SpaceRef. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b "Live coverage: Emirates Mars Mission launches from Japan". Spaceflight Now. 19 July 2020. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  7. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission". Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre. 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  8. ^ Clark, Stephen (19 July 2020). "United Arab Emirates successfully sends its first mission toward Mars The spacecraft and its three scientific payloads were developed as a collaborative project between scientists at the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Center, the UAE Space Agency, and three universities in the United States". Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  9. ^ a b Chang, Kenneth (15 February 2020). "From Dubai to Mars, With Stops in Colorado and Japan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  10. ^ "Everything You Need to Know About CU's Involvement in the Emirates Mars Mission". Alumni Association. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  11. ^ "UAE positions 2020 Mars Probe as catalyst for a new generation of Arab scientists and engineers". Archived from the original on 7 May 2015.
  12. ^ "UAE's "Hope" probe to be first in trio of Mars missions". phys.org. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  13. ^ a b Amos, Jonathan (9 February 2021). "Emirates Mars Mission: Hope spacecraft enters orbit". BBC News. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  14. ^ a b Chang, Kenneth (15 April 2023). "New Mars Map Lets You 'See the Whole Planet at Once' - Scientists assembled 3,000 images from an Emirati orbiter to create the prettiest atlas yet of the red planet". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  15. ^ a b Gibney, Elizabeth (8 July 2020). "How a small Arab nation built a Mars mission from scratch in six years". nature.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  16. ^ a b c "Majarat Magazine". Archived from the original on 13 November 2016.
  17. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission Website". Archived from the original on 29 March 2016.
  18. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission launched July 19th in partnership with LASP at CU Boulder".
  19. ^ a b Shreck, Adam (6 May 2015). "UAE to explore Martian atmosphere with probe named "Hope"". AP News. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  20. ^ a b Jones, Rory; Parasie, Nicolas (7 May 2015). "U.A.E. Plans to Launch Mars Probe – Scientists behind Emirati orbiter "Hope" aim to collect data on the Red Planet". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d Berger, Brian (6 May 2015). "UAE Unveils Science Goals for "Hope" Mars Probe". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  22. ^ "Hope probe". Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  23. ^ "First Arab space mission to Mars "Al-Amal" launched: All you need to know". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  24. ^ "Big thumbs up for India! ISRO to work with UAE for its first spacecraft "Hope Probe" launch". The Financial Express. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  25. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission – UAE's First Step". Archived from the original on 11 March 2016.
  26. ^ Bell, Jennifer (9 April 2015). "UAE and France join hands on space". The National (Abu Dhabi). Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  27. ^ Staff (7 May 2015). "UAE unveils mission plan 'Hope' for first Arab space probe to Mars". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  28. ^ "Hope Probe Instruments". Emirates Mars Mission. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  29. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission – Mars Probe". Archived from the original on 26 September 2017.
  30. ^ "Home". emiratesmarsmission.ae. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  31. ^ Amos, Jonathan (9 February 2021) "Emirates Mars Mission: Hope spacecraft enters orbit" BBC News Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  32. ^ "Gulf News – UAE unveils details of UAE Mars Mission". May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
  33. ^ "The National UAE – UAE Mars Mission has a name "Hope"". May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
  34. ^ a b c "UAE unveils details of UAE Mars Mission". Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
  35. ^ a b c Gibney, Elizabeth (20 July 2020). "Arab world's first Mars probe takes to the skies". Nature. 583 (7817): 499–500. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02170-2. PMID 32690962. S2CID 220669572. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  36. ^ Sarwat Nasir (12 November 2017). "Dubai airshow unveils Hope spacecraft prototype". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  37. ^ Imogen Lillywhite (13 November 2017). "Dubai Airshow: Emirates Mars mission on track for 2020 launch". Zawya. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  38. ^ Haneen Dajani (29 September 2017). "Dubai wins bid to host the 2020 International Astronautical Congress". The National. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  39. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission to Arrive at Mars on Feb. 9th in partnership with LASP at CU Boulder | LASP | CU-Boulder". lasp.colorado.edu. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  40. ^ a b "EMM – Scientific Goals". Archived from the original on 6 April 2016.
  41. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (24 April 2023). "This is our 1st detailed look at Mars' most mysterious moon Deimos (photos) - The debate over the moon's origin story is not over yet". Space.com. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  42. ^ Castelvecchi, Davide (24 April 2023). "First up-close images of Mars's little-known moon Deimos". Nature. 617 (7959): 19–19. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01422-1. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  43. ^ "Mashable – UAE Hope Mars Mission". Archived from the original on 5 April 2016.
  44. ^ a b "Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum asks UAE residents to name Mars probe". Archived from the original on 7 April 2016.
  45. ^ Clark, Stephen (5 May 2020). "Emirates Mars Mission arrives in Japan for launch preparations". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  46. ^ a b c d e "Emirates Mars Mission – Mars Probe Specifications". Archived from the original on 22 March 2016.
  47. ^ "EPSC Abstracts Vol. 12, EPSC2018-1032" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress 2018. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2019.
  48. ^ a b Edwards, Christopher S.; Christensen, Philip R.; Mehall, Greg L.; Anwar, Saadat; Tunaiji, Eman Al; Badri, Khalid; Bowles, Heather; Chase, Stillman; Farkas, Zoltan; Fisher, Tara; Janiczek, John; Kubik, Ian; Harris-Laurila, Kelly; Holmes, Andrew; Lazbin, Igor (22 September 2021). "The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) Emirates Mars InfraRed Spectrometer (EMIRS) Instrument". Space Science Reviews. 217 (7): 77. doi:10.1007/s11214-021-00848-1. ISSN 1572-9672. PMC 8456076. PMID 34565915.
  49. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission to launch with ASU-designed instrument". ASU News. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  50. ^ Lootah, F. H.; Almatroushi, H.R.; AlMheiri, S.; Holsclaw, G.; Deighan, J.; Chaffin, M.; Reed, H.; Lillis, R. J.; Fillingim, M. O. (1 December 2017). "Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS) Overview from the Emirates Mars Mission". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 23: P23D–2777. Bibcode:2017AGUFM.P23D2777L.
  51. ^ a b "Launch Schedule of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 42 (H-IIA F42) which carries aboard the Hope". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  52. ^ "The Emirates Mars Mission Ground Segment". Emirates Mars Mission. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  53. ^ Dunbar, Brian (20 July 2020). "Congratulations to the UAE on an Inspiring Mission of Hope". NASA Blogs, Administrator Jim Bridenstine. Retrieved 26 July 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  54. ^ Alblooshi, Mohammad (May 2020). EMIRATES MARS MISSION GROUND SEGMENT – OVERVIEW AND CURRENT STATUS (PDF). SpaceOps. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  55. ^ "The Emirates Mars Mission Ground Segment". MBRSC. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  56. ^ a b c "Emirates Mars Mission – Mars Team". Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  57. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission Highlights The Power Of Hope". SpaceWatch Global. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  58. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission launched July 19th in partnership with LASP at CU Boulder". Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  59. ^ "Appendix – Details of Emirates Mars Mission" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  60. ^ "Big thumbs up for India! ISRO to work with UAE for its first spacecraft "Hope Probe" launch". The Financial Express. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  61. ^ "UAE Seek ISRO's Assistance to Launch its Own Mars Mission". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  62. ^ "Mars missions complete first course corrections on journey to Red Planet". Spaceflight Now. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  63. ^ Chang, Kenneth (9 February 2021). "Mars Mission From the U.A.E. Begins Orbit of Red Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emirates Mars missions.

Read other articles:

Mazmur 44

Gulungan Kitab Mazmur Mazmur 44 (Penomoran Septuaginta: Mazmur 43) adalah sebuah mazmur dalam bagian ke-2 Kitab Mazmur di Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama dalam Alkitab Kristen. Mazmur ini digubah oleh bani Korah.[1][2] Teks Naskah sumber utama: Masoretik, Septuaginta dan Naskah Laut Mati. Pasal ini terdiri dari 27 ayat. Dalam versi Terjemahan Baru dari Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia, mazmur ini diberi judul Jeritan bangsa yang tertindas. Termasuk jenis mazmur ratapan dan doa. Tr...

 

Pulau Utara

North Island Pulau Utara (bahasa Inggris: North Island) ialah salah satu dari 2 pulau utama di Selandia Baru, lainnya ialah Pulau Selatan. Beberapa kota penting ada di Pulau Utara, terutama kota terbesar di Selandia Baru, Auckland, dan Wellington, ibu kotanya, terletak di ujung selatan pulau itu. Sekitar 76% penduduk Selandia Baru tinggal di Pulau Utara. Mitologi Māori mengatakan bahwa Pulau Utara dan Selatan di Selandia Baru berasal dari masa Māui, yang disebut sebagai manusia setengah dew...

 

خبز الكاري

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (فبراير 2023) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة...

Pangsang

Pangsang (município)GeografiaPaís  MyanmarDivisão auto-administrada Wa (divisão auto-administrada)Altitude 521 mCoordenadas 22° 10′ N, 99° 11′ Leditar - editar código-fonte - editar Wikidata Pangsang é uma cidade e município do estado de Xã, no Mianmar (Birmânia).[1] Referências ↑ «Unidade Administrativa da Informação de Myanmar: Mapa do estado de Shan» (PDF). Themimu.info. Consultado em 29 de novembro de 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 29 de março de 2012...

 

Eleições presidenciais portuguesas de 2016 no distrito de Braga

Eleições presidenciais portuguesas de 2016 Distritos: Aveiro | Beja | Braga | Bragança | Castelo Branco | Coimbra | Évora | Faro | Guarda | Leiria | Lisboa | Portalegre | Porto | Santarém | Setúbal | Viana do Castelo | Vila Real | Viseu | Açores | Madeira | Estrangeiro ← 2011 •  • 2021 → Eleições presidenciais portuguesas de 2016 no distrito de Braga 24 de janeiro de 2016 Demografia eleitoral Hab. inscritos:  788 443 Votantes...

 

Margaret Murray Washington

American academic For other people named Margaret Murray, see Margaret Murray (disambiguation). Margaret Murray WashingtonWashington in 1915BornMargaret Murray(1865-03-09)March 9, 1865DiedJune 4, 1925(1925-06-04) (aged 60)Known forAnti-lynching activismSpouseBooker T. Washington Margaret James Murray Margaret Murray Washington (March 9, 1865 - June 4, 1925) was an American educator who was the principal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, which later became Tuskegee Univers...

ييلاق مرشون (حومة أبهر)

ييلاق مرشون  - قرية -  تقسيم إداري البلد  إيران[1] المحافظة زنجان المقاطعة مقاطعة أبهر الناحية الناحية المركزية القسم الريفي قسم حومة الریفي إحداثيات 36°18′11″N 49°23′34″E / 36.30306°N 49.39278°E / 36.30306; 49.39278 السكان التعداد السكاني 297 نسمة (إحصاء 2016) معلومات أ...

 

List of United States senators from Missouri

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2021) Current delegationJosh Hawley (R)Eric Schmitt (R) Missouri was admitted to the Union on August 10, 1821. Its current U.S. senators are Republicans Josh Hawley (class 1, serving since 2019) and Eric Schmitt (class 3, serving since 2023). Francis Cockrell was Missouri's longest-serving senat...

 

Sonderkommando (kampfunctie)

Sonderkommando's in de concentratiekampen mogen niet verward worden met SS-Sonderkommando's. Zie daarvoor het artikel Sonderkommando (veldfunctie). Leden van Sonderkommando 1005 naast een machine om botten te verpulveren in concentratiekamp Janovska (1943) Sonderkommando's waren bij de Holocaust groepen van willekeurig aangewezen sterk uitziende mannelijke gevangenen die in vernietigingskampen onder dwang van de SS meehielpen met het misleiden van slachtoffers (doen alsof de gaskamer een douc...

Złoty Glob za najlepszy miniserial lub film telewizyjny

Złoty Glob za najlepszy miniserial lub film telewizyjny jest jedną z dorocznych kategorii nagród Złotych Globów, nagradzającą najlepsze miniseriale oraz filmy telewizyjne. Nagroda dla najlepszych filmów telewizyjnych przyznana została po raz pierwszy w 1972 roku[1], a od 1982 roku dołączono do niej także miniseriale[2]. W latach 1974–1975 nie nominowano i nie przyznano nagród w danej kategorii[1]. Od 2015 roku Złoty Glob w tej kategorii jest wręczany dla najlepszego serialu l...

 

Urswick Grammar School

Defunct school in England 54°09′00″N 3°07′37″W / 54.150°N 3.127°W / 54.150; -3.127 This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Urswick Grammar School – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) Urswick Grammar School was located in Little Urswi...

 

Stothert & Pitt

Former British engineering company Maker's plate of the Fairbairn crane Stothert & Pitt was a British engineering company founded in 1855 in Bath, England. It was the builder of various engineering products ranging from Dock cranes to construction plant and household cast iron items. It went out of business in 1989. The name and intellectual property became part of Clarke Chapman. History George Stothert (n.b. early on the name is sometimes rendered as Stoddard or Stodhert) moved to Bath ...

Daniel Craig

Daniel CraigDaniel Craig dalam acara penayangan perdana film Skyfall di Sydney (2012)LahirDaniel Wroughton Craig2 Maret 1968 (umur 55)KebangsaanInggrisAlmamaterSekolah Tinggi Musik dan Drama GuidhallPekerjaanAktor, produser filmTahun aktif1992–sekarangDikenal atasPemeran James BondSuami/istriFiona Loudon (1992–1994)Rachel Weisz (2011–kini)PasanganHeike Makatsch (1994–2001)Satsuki Mitchell (2004–2010)AnakElla CraigOrang tuaTimothy John Wroughton Craig (ayah)Olivia Williams ...

 

Dahr Abi Yaghi

Village in North LebanonDahr Abi Yaghi ضهر أبي ياغيVillageDahr Abi YaghiLocation within LebanonCoordinates: 34°11′24″N 35°43′36″E / 34.19005°N 35.726675°E / 34.19005; 35.726675Country LebanonGovernorateNorth LebanonDistrictBatrounArea • Total0.78 km2 (0.30 sq mi)Elevation500 m (1,600 ft)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Dialing code+961 Dahr Abi Yaghi (Arabic: ضهر أبي ياغ...

 

The Plant (novel)

Novel by Stephen King For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). The Plant Cover of the original e-book releaseAuthorStephen KingCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreHorrorPublisherPhiltrum PressPublication date1982; 1983; 1985; 2000Media typeE-book The Plant is an unfinished serial novel by American writer Stephen King, published in 1982–1985 privately and in 2000 as a commercial e-book. The story, told in epistolary format consisting entirely of letters, memos and correspondence,...

Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel

22nd episode of the 4th season of Phineas and Ferb Phineas and Ferb: Mission MarvelPhineas and Ferb episodeLogo of the specialEpisode no.Season 4Episode 22Directed byRobert F. HughesSue PerrottoWritten byDani VetereJim BernsteinMartin OlsonScott PetersonFeatured musicSurfin' AsteroidsMy StreetsMy Evil Buddies and MeOnly Trying to HelpFeelin' SuperFeeling FroggyProduction code411–412Original air dateAugust 16, 2013 (2013-08-16)Guest appearances Chi McBride as Nick Fury Tr...

 

Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan

Aspect of community This article needs to be updated. Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2020) The culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan includes various attractions and events, many of which are connected with the University of Michigan. University of Michigan attractions See also: Museums at the University of Michigan Hill Auditorium, University of Michigan Many performing arts groups and facilities are located on the University of Michigan ...

 

56th Armoured Regiment (India)

Indian Army regiment 56 Armoured RegimentActive2011 – presentCountry IndiaAllegianceIndiaBranch Indian ArmyTypeArmoured CorpsSizeRegimentNickname(s)LionheartsCommandersColonel ofthe RegimentLieutenant General Ajai SinghInsigniaAbbreviation56 Armd RegtMilitary unit 56 Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment of the Indian Army Armoured Corps. Formation The regiment, nicknamed the ‘Lionhearts’, is one of the youngest armoured regiments and was raised on 1 October 2011.[1 ...

Associazione Sportiva Bari 1965-1966

Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Associazione Sportiva Bari. A.S. BariStagione 1965-1966Sport calcio Squadra Bari Allenatore Hugo Lamanna (1ª-26ª) Filippo Calabrese (dalla 27ª) Presidente Angelo De Palo Serie C4º posto nel girone C. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Gambi (34) Miglior marcatoreCam...

 

Medley swimming

Combination of four swimming styles into one race This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Medley swimming – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Butterfly Backstroke Breaststroke Freestyle. Medley is a combination of four diffe...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!