Note: Distances are in kilometers, rounded to the nearest kilometer. Waterway distances are shown, not towpath distances. Country capitals are shown in bold.
The Danube's longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in the palace park in Donaueschingen onwards. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe. Today, 2,415 km (1,501 mi) of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water.
This list (which may have dates, numbers, etc.) may be better in a sortable table format. Please help improve this list or discuss it on the talk page.(November 2023)
Today the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards. Its longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald.
The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος)[9] from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester (Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranicturos 'swift' and Sanskritiṣiras (इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE*isro-, *sreu 'to flow'.[10]
In the Middle Ages, the Greek Tiras was borrowed into Italian as Tyrlo and into Turkic languages as Tyrla; the latter was further borrowed into Romanian as a regionalism (Turlă).[10]
The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas,[11] "the bringer of luck".[12]
Danube is an Old European river name derived from the Celtic 'danu' or 'don'[16] (both Celtic gods), which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European*deh₂nu. Other European river names from the same root include the Dunaj, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr, Dysna and Tana/Deatnu. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, danu (दनु) means "fluid, dewdrop" and danuja (दनु-ज) means "born from danu" or "born from dew-drops". In Avestan, the same word means "river". The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which is most likely derived from the name of the river in German, Donau. Its Sámi name Deatnu means "Great River". It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for "river": Dnieper and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian *dānu apara "far river" and *dānu nazdya- "near river", respectively.[17]
In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius, Ister[18] or Hister. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, except Slovene (the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin, most of the Slavic languages, as well as in German). The German Donau (Early Modern GermanDonaw, Tonaw,[19]Middle High GermanTuonowe)[20] is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe "wetland".
Romanian differs from other surrounding languages in designating the river with a feminine term, Dunărea (IPA:[ˈdunəre̯a]).[10] This form was not inherited from Latin, although Romanian is a Romance language.[14] To explain the loss of the Latin name, scholars who suppose that Romanian developed near the large river propose[14] that the Romanian name descends from a hypothetical Thracian*Donaris. The Proto-Indo-European root of this presumed name is related to the Iranic word "don-"/"dan-", while the supposed suffix -aris is encountered in the ancient name of the Ialomița River, Naparis, and in the unidentified Miliare river mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica.[10] Gábor Vékony says that this hypothesis is not plausible, because the Greeks borrowed the Istros form from the native Thracians.[14] He proposes that the Romanian name is a loanword from a Turkic language (Cuman or Pecheneg).[14]
In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.6% of the basin area), the Czech Republic (2.9%), Slovenia (2.0%), Montenegro (0.9%), Switzerland (0.2%), Italy (<0.15%), Poland (<0.1%), North Macedonia (<0.1%) and Albania (<0.1%).[21] The total drainage basin is 801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi) in area,[22][23] and is home to 83 million people.[24] The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border, at 4,049 m (13,284 ft).[25] The Danube River Basin is divided into three main parts, separated by "gates" where the river is forced to cut through mountainous sections:[24]
Simulated water and suspended sediment results from climate-driven decadal study (with STD through specific decade)[28]
Water period
Average precipitation
in the basin (mm)
Average temperature
in the basin (°C)
Average discharge
(m3/s)
Sediment load
(106 tons)
1530–1540
794
9.0
6,207
72.9
1650–1660
885
8.4
7,929
67,3
1709–1719
861
8.3
7,616
52.91
1770–1780
865
8.9
7,728
74.1
1940–1950
778
8.9
7,209
55.0
1960–1970
850
8.8
7,399
73.0
1975–1985
818
9.0
7,186
77.8
1990–2000
790
9.5
6,570
73.8
Discharge chronology
Historical average flow to the present day; Measured and reconstructed average water flows from 1742.
The reconstructed and observed streamflow (Q – m3/s) at Ceatal Izmail for the 1742 to 2022:[29][30][31][32][33]
Year
m3/s
Year
m3/s
Year
m3/s
Year
m3/s
Year
m3/s
Year
m3/s
Reconstructed
1742
5,780
1751
6,760
1761
6,470
1771
9,700
1781
5,830
1791
5,540
1743
5,355
1752
7,090
1762
6,510
1772
6,050
1782
6,470
1792
6,930
1744
5,370
1753
4,980
1763
5,950
1773
4,600
1783
7,930
1793
7,800
1745
4,940
1754
6,330
1764
6,280
1774
6,150
1784
8,400
1794
5,230
1746
7,140
1755
6,840
1765
6,130
1775
6,060
1785
7,610
1795
6,530
1747
5,850
1756
6,370
1766
8,530
1776
6,320
1786
6,570
1796
6,460
1748
6,840
1757
6,830
1767
6,850
1777
5,530
1787
6,980
1797
6,700
1749
6,690
1758
8,410
1768
8,400
1778
7,470
1788
5,860
1798
6,560
1750
5,180
1759
5,520
1769
5,720
1779
6,600
1789
7,190
1799
9,590
1760
6,840
1770
10,700
1780
6,990
1790
6,940
1800
6,150
5,905
6,597
7,154
6,547
6,978
6,749
1801
7,310
1811
8,220
1821
6,390
1831
6,670
1841
6,210
1851
7,350
1802
6,590
1812
5,230
1822
5,700
1832
4,820
1842
5,340
1852
6,550
1803
6,870
1813
6,680
1823
6,520
1833
5,350
1843
6,710
1853
7,800
1804
6,220
1814
7,290
1824
6,420
1834
6,470
1844
6,960
1854
5,060
1805
7,010
1815
6,640
1825
8,040
1835
7,040
1845
7,440
1855
7,020
1806
6,830
1816
8,090
1826
5,800
1836
9,740
1846
6,750
1856
5,390
1807
7,000
1817
8,650
1827
6,650
1837
6,770
1847
7,070
1857
4,880
1808
5,600
1818
6,920
1828
8,140
1838
10,440
1848
5,620
1858
5,580
1809
7,150
1819
6,470
1829
8,280
1839
9,960
1849
5,360
1859
5,630
1810
8,430
1820
6,560
1830
7,790
1840
5,560
1850
7,360
1860
7,220
6,901
7,075
6,973
7,282
6,482
6,248
1861
5,980
1871
8,860
1881
8,320
1891
5,440
1901
5,570
1911
5,120
1862
5,040
1872
5,970
1882
5,130
1892
5,620
1902
5,650
1912
6,940
1863
3,340
1873
5,150
1883
7,590
1893
5,710
1903
5,490
1913
6,410
1864
6,150
1874
4,680
1884
5,250
1894
4,770
1904
4,940
1914
6,560
1865
5,690
1875
5,360
1885
5,430
1895
6,240
1905
6,100
1915
9,540
1866
3,780
1876
7,520
1886
5,660
1896
6,470
1906
6,190
1916
7,550
1867
6,350
1877
6,660
1887
5,340
1897
7,700
1907
6,770
1917
6,410
1868
5,660
1878
7,040
1888
6,800
1898
4,550
1908
4,400
1918
4,300
1869
5,370
1879
8,300
1889
6,530
1899
4,500
1909
5,590
1919
7,410
1870
7,470
1880
5,660
1890
4,650
1900
6,900
1910
7,450
1920
6,720
5,483
6,520
6,070
5,790
5,815
6,770
Observed
1921
3,906
1931
6,706
1941
9,916
1951
6,368
1961
5,860
1971
5,272
1922
6,530
1932
6,181
1942
7,266
1952
5,850
1962
6,628
1972
6,160
1923
6,430
1933
6,344
1943
4,308
1953
6,117
1963
6,047
1973
5,766
1924
6,700
1934
5,644
1944
7,190
1954
6,168
1964
5,259
1974
7,258
1925
5,255
1935
5,718
1945
5,870
1955
8,834
1965
8,400
1975
7,190
1926
8,144
1936
6,392
1946
4,684
1956
7,100
1966
7,954
1976
6,567
1927
5,990
1937
8,325
1947
5,418
1957
6,254
1967
7,500
1977
7,073
1928
5,005
1938
6,867
1948
6,357
1958
6,340
1968
5,660
1978
7,120
1929
5,330
1939
6,310
1949
4,301
1959
5,375
1969
7,710
1979
7,747
1930
5,197
1940
9,533
1950
5,130
1960
6,514
1970
9,602
1980
8,767
5,888
6,802
6,044
6,492
7,062
6,892
1981
8,172
1991
6,274
2001
6,304.3
2011
5,303
2021
6,018
1982
6,700
1992
5,710.8
2002
6,837.1
2012
5,053
2022
5,753
1983
5,543
1993
4,873
2003
5,021
2013
7,164
2023
6,623.8
1984
6,325
1994
6,031.8
2004
6,524
2014
7,446
2024
1985
6,449
1995
6,223.7
2005
8,711
2015
6,138
2025
1986
6,257
1996
7,035.8
2006
8,428
2016
6,465
2026
1987
6,619
1997
6,684.2
2007
5,626
2017
5,202
2027
1988
6,383
1998
6,804.6
2008
5,909
2018
6,487.8
2028
1989
5,448
1999
7,951.5
2009
6,492
2019
5,579
2029
1990
4,194
2000
6,580.6
2010
9,598
2020
4,893.5
2030
6,209
6,417
6,945
5,973
6,131.6
Multiannual average discharge 1742 to 2022: ~ 6,500 m3/s
The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (as they enter):
The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals (shown below in bold), more than any other river in the world. Ordered from the source to the mouth they are:
Vienna – capital of Austria and the most populous city on the Danube, where the Danube floodplain is called the Lobau, though the Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube (it is bounded by the Donaukanal – 'Danube canal').
Upper Section: From spring to Devín Gate, at the border of Austria and Slovakia. Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0.0012% (12 ppm), from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0.0006% (6 ppm).
Middle Section: From Devín Gate to Iron Gate, at the border of Serbia and Romania. The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0.00006% (0.6 ppm).
Lower Section: From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0.00003% (0.3 ppm).
Modern navigation
This section needs expansion with: how the "Iron Gate" relates to ship navigation?. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022)
The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania (the maritime river sector), and further on by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.
Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years.[citation needed] The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.[citation needed]
At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m3/s (540,000 cu ft/s).
There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanța (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.[36] A Danube-Aegean canal has been proposed.[37]
In 2010–12, shipping companies, especially from Ukraine, claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks" on the Serbian and the Romanian stretches of the Danube.[39][40][41] However, the transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather instances of "river robbery".[42]
On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on "pirates", and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small-time contraband theft along the river.[43]
The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dunăriipronounced[ˈdeltaˈdunərij]; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю, romanized: Del'ta Dunayu) is the largest river delta in the European Union. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odesa Oblast). The approximate surface is 4,152 km2 (1,603 sq mi), of which 3,446 km2 (1,331 sq mi) are in Romania. If one includes the lagoons of Razim-Sinoe (1,015 km2 (392 sq mi) of which 865 km2 (334 sq mi) water surface), which are located south of the delta proper, but are related to it geologically and ecologically (their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site), the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km2 (1,994 sq mi).
The Danube Delta is also the best-preserved river delta in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1991) and a Ramsar Site. Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species. Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species, including the endangered pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal.[44]
2022 heat wave
In 2022, there was a major heat wave in Europe. As a result, there was less water flowing in the rivers. As the water level decreased, a number of ship wrecks from World War II emerged in the Danube River. Many of the ships were from Nazi Germany's Black Sea Fleet and had been scuttled to stop them from falling into enemy hands.[45]
The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an organization that consists of 14 member states (Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Montenegro, and Ukraine) and the European Union. The commission, established in 1998, deals with the whole Danube river basin, which includes tributaries and groundwater resources. Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement, and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the Danube Strategy.
The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river's navigation conditions. It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river. Members include representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia; it meets regularly twice a year. It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission's working plans.
The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921, which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube. Today the Commission include riparian and non-riparian states.
Geology
Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.
Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is thus an underfit stream.
Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alb, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km (7.5 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8,500 L/s (300 cu ft/s), north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sinkholes in the Donauversickerung.
Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing.
The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.[46]
History
The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BCE Vinča culture, (Vinča, Serbia) are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BCE Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics.
Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BCE.
Under the Romans, the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth. At the same time, it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream. From 37 CE to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum, first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was abandoned by emperor Aurelian.
Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century.
A look upstream from the Donauinsel in Vienna, Austria during an unusually cold winter (February 2006). A frozen Danube usually occurs just once or twice in a lifetime.
Bratislava does not usually suffer major floods, but the Danube sometimes overflows its right bank.
Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube
Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the Okeanos in ancient times, being called the Okeanos Potamos (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon. IV. 282).
At the end of the Okeanos Potamos, is the holy island of Alba (Leuke, Pytho Nisi, Isle of Snakes), sacred to the Pelasgian (and later, Greek) Apollo, greeting the sun rising in the east. Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo's island from the region of the Hyperboreans, in the Okeanos. It was on Leuke, in one version of his legend, that the hero Achilles was buried (to this day, one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia). Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests.[47]
Along its course, the Danube is a source of drinking water for about 20 million people.[49][50] In Baden-Württemberg, Germany, almost 30 percent (as of 2004) of the water for the area between Stuttgart, Bad Mergentheim, Aalen and Alb-Donau (district) comes from purified water of the Danube. Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube.
In Austria and Hungary, most water is drawn from ground and spring sources, and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used. Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis.[51]
Navigation and transport
In the 19th century, the Danube was an important waterway but was, as The Times of London put it, "annually swept by ice that will lift a large ship out of the water or cut her in two as if she were a carrot."[52]
The waterway is designed for large-scale inland vessels (110 × 11.45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concerns.
Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania. These locks have larger dimensions. Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometres (530 mi).
The Danube connects with the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal at Kelheim, with the Donaukanal in Vienna, and with the Danube–Black Sea Canal at Cernavodă.
Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canals, links sections downstream.
In the Austrian and German sections of the Danube, a type of flat-bottomed boat called a Zille was developed for use along the river. Zillen are still used today for fishing, ferrying, and other transport of goods and people in this area.
Fishing
The importance of fishing on the Danube, which was critical in the Middle Ages, has declined dramatically. Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river, and the Danube Delta still has an important industry. However, some of the river's resources have been managed in an environmentally unsustainable manner in the past, leading to damage by pollution, alterations to the channel, and major infrastructure development, including large hydropower dams.[53]
The sturgeon stocks associated with the Danube River basin have, over the centuries, formed the basis of a large and significant commercial fishery, renowned throughout the world. The construction of the dams, besides overfishing and river pollution, has a significant role in sturgeon population decline because it creates a barrier for fish migratory species that usually spawn in the upper parts of the river.[54] The spawning areas of migratory fishes species has been dramatically reduced by the construction of hydropower and navigation systems at Iron Gates I (1974) and Iron Gates II (1984).[55] The initial design of these dams has not included any fish passage facility.[56] The possibility of building a human-made fish pass enabling migration for fish species including the sturgeon, is currently under review by projects such as We Pass.[57]
The Upper Danube ecoregion alone has about 60 fish species and the Lower Danube–Dniester ecoregion has about twice as many.[58] Among these are an exceptionally high diversity of sturgeon, a total of six species (beluga, Russian sturgeon, bastard sturgeon, sterlet, starry sturgeon and European sea sturgeon), but these are all threatened and have largely–or entirely in the case of the European sea sturgeon–disappeared from the river.[58] The huchen, one of the largest species of salmon, is endemic to the Danube basin, but has been introduced elsewhere by humans.[59]
Also, leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance. Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest, some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back. During the peak season, more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river, while the traffic-free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats.
The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance, but also important for the regional tourism industry due to its fascinating landmarks and sights. With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling, hiking, and travel possibilities, the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele. In Austria alone, there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.5 million arrivals per year.[60]
The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites, they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city.
The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination.
Danube Bike Trail
The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg) is a bicycle trail along the river. Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular, which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany.[61]
The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea. It is divided into four sections:
The Sultans Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia. From there the Sultans Trail leaves the Danube, terminating in Istanbul. Sections along the river are as follows.
In 2010, the Donausteig, a hiking trail from Passau to Grein, was opened. It is 450 km (280 mi) long and it is divided into 23 stages. The route passes through five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities. A landscape and viewpoints, which are along the river, are the highlights of the Donausteig.[62]
The Route of Emperors and Kings
The Route of Emperors and Kings is an international touristic route leading from Regensburg to Budapest, calling in Passau, Linz and Vienna.[63] The international consortium ARGE Die Donau-Straße der Kaiser und Könige, comprising ten tourism organisations, shipping companies, and cities, strives for the conservation and touristic development of the Danube region.[60]
In medieval Regensburg, with its maintained old town, stone bridge and cathedral, the Route of Emperors and Kings begins. It continues to Engelhartszell, with the only Trappist monastery in Austria. Further highlight-stops along the Danube, include the "Schlögener Schlinge", the city of Linz, which was European Capital of Culture in 2009 with its contemporary art richness, the Melk Abbey, the university city of Krems and the cosmopolitan city of Vienna. Before the Route of Emperors and Kings ends, you pass Bratislava and Budapest, the latter of which was seen as the twin town of Vienna during the times of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Since ancient Roman times, famous emperors and their retinue traveled on and along the Danube and used the river for travel and transportation. While traveling on the mainland was quite exhausting, most people preferred to travel by ship on the Danube. So the Route of Emperors and Kings was the setting for many important historical events, which characterize the Danube up until today.
The route got its name from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa and the crusaders as well as from Richard I of England who had been jailed in the Dürnstein Castle, which is situated above the Danube. The most imperial journeys throughout time were those of the Habsburg family. Once crowned in Frankfurt, the emperors ruled from Vienna and also held in Regensburg the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg. Many famous castles, palaces, residences, and state-run convents were built by the Habsburger along the river. Nowadays they still remind us of the bold architecture of the "Donaubarock".
Today, people can not only travel by boat on the Danube but also by train, by bike on the Danube Bike Trail or walk on the "Donausteig" and visit the UNESCO World Heritage cities of Regensburg, Wachau and Vienna.[64]
Important national parks
Naturpark Obere Donau (Germany)
Donauauen zwischen Neuburg und Ingolstadt (Germany) – map
The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National Anthem, as a symbolic representation of the country's natural beauty. In Lithuanian folklore songs, the appearance of Danube (Dunojus, Dunojėlis) is more common than the appearance of the longest Lithuanian river Neman.
The German tradition of landscape painting, the Danube school, was developed in the Danube valley in the 16th century.[citation needed]
One of Claudio Magris's masterpieces is called Danube (ISBN1-86046-823-3). The book, published in 1986, is a large cultural-historical essay, in which Magris travels the Danube from the first sources to the delta, tracing the rich European ethnic and cultural heritage, literary and ideological past and present along the way.
^Dyer, Robert (1974). "Matoas, the Thraco-Phrygian name for the Danube, and the IE root *madų". Glotta. 52 (1/2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 91–95. JSTOR40266286.
^Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2009). "Reka kot božanstvo — Sava v antiki" [River as a Deity – The Sava in Antiquity]. In Barachini, Jožef (ed.). Ukročena lepotica: Sava in njene zgodbe [The Tamed Beauty: The Sava and Its Stories] (PDF) (in Slovenian and English). Sevnica: Javni zavod za kulturo, šport, turizem in mladinske dejavnosti. pp. 42–50. ISBN978-961-92735-0-0. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^Abel-Rémusat, Jean-Pierre (1829). Nouveaus Mélanges Asiatiques. Vol. 2. Paris: Schubart and Heidelhoff. pp. 96–97.
^Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton. 1976. p. 144.
^Tonaw in Sebastian Franck (1542). Weltbuch. p. 81. Donaw e.g. in Leonhard Thurneisser zum Thurn (1572). Pison. p. 186. Spelling Donau from the 17th century.
^McCarney-Castle, K.; Voulgaris, G.; Kettner, A.J.; Giosan, L. (2021). "Simulating fluvial fluxes in the Danube watershed: The "Little Ice Age" versus modern day". The Holocene. 22: 91–105. doi:10.1177/0959683611409778. S2CID129864432.
^"About Us". International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
^"Blue River". wwf.panda.org. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
^"The Danube". International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
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