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Dadu Dayal
Dadu Dayal
Personal life
Born	1544
Died	1603; Akoda, Rajasthan, India
Religious life
Religion	Hinduism
Founder of	Dadu Panth
Philosophy	Bhakti
Sect	Sant Mat
Religious career
Guru	Bābā Būḍhāu

Dadu Dayal (Devanagari: दादू दयाल, Saint Dādūdayāl, 1544–1603) was a poet-saint religious reformer who spoke against formalism and priestcraft and was active in Rajasthan.

Etymology

"Dadu" means brother, and "Dayal" means "the compassionate one".^[2]

Life

Dādū Dayāl was born into the Piñjārā/Dhuniyā caste, but later sources attempted to portray him as a Brahmin. According to Jangopāl, he was born in Ahmedabad. However, other sources do not attest to this, nor did Dādū Dayāl have any impact on the city during his lifetime. Dādū Dayāl claimed to have received visions from his guru, Bābā Būḍhāu, at the ages of 11 and 18.^[3]

In 1573, his son, Garībdās, was born in the town of Sambhar, Rajasthan. His later children include Maskīndās, Havā, and Bāī. According to Jangopāl, his children were born without sexual intercourse with his wife. However, according to Rāghavdās, they were merely his first four disciples.^[3]

In Sambhar, Dādū Dayāl claimed to hold debates with orthodox religious figures, and preached a "middle path" between various sects. By 1579, Dādū Dayāl and his four children/disciples moved to Amber. According to the Dādu panthī tradition, Dādū Dayāl visited the court of Akbar on the invitation of Bhagavantdās, Kachvāhā ruler of Amber. He became increasingly nomadic. He moved to Karaṛālā, Naraina where he received land.^[3]

In 1603, Dādū Dayāl died. His body was left in the wilderness, instead of being cremated or buried as per Hindu or Muslim tradition.^[3]

Dadupanth

Dadu Dayal later moved to Naraina, near Jaipur Rajasthan, where he gained a group of followers, forming a sect that became known as the Dadupanth.^[4]^[1]

Dadupanthis are one of the 7 martial akharas of Vaishnavite sampradaya of Hindus.^[5] Vaishnavism has following four major sects:^[6]

Sri, founded by Ramananda. Dadupanthis are one of those 7 martial akharas of Vaishnavite in the sect of Ramanada.
Brahma. founded by Madhava.
Ridra, founded by Vishnusuvamin
Sanakadi, founded by Nimbarka.

Followers of Vaishnavism are also called Bairagi or Vairagi. Among the Bairagi, those who became part of the military akharas were organised in the 7 akharas, of which the founding dates are unclear. Each of the akhara accepted members from all 4 sects of Vaishnavism. Bairagi military akharas generally did not follow the prohibition against eating meat or taking narcotics.^[6]

Dadu Anubhav Vani

Dadu's compositions in Braj language were recorded by his disciple Rajjab and are known as the Dadu Anubhav Vani, a compilation of 5,000 verses. Another disciple, Janagopal, wrote the earliest biography of Dadu.^[4]^[7] Dadu alludes to spontaneous (sahaja) bless in his songs. Much of the imagery used is similar to that used by Kabir, and to that used by earlier Sahajiya Buddhists and Nath yogis. Dadu believed that devotion to God should transcend religious or sectarian affiliation, and that devotees should become non-sectarian or "Nipakh".^[8] He has something to say about that:^[9]

So kāfir jo bolai kāf;
dil apna nahim rakhe sāf...

The infidel is one who tells a lie;
One whose conscience isn't
clear...

Dadupanthi Thambas

Dadu had 100 disciples that attained samadhi. He instructed additional 52 disciples to set up ashrams, 'Thambas' around the region to spread the Lord's word.

Dadu ji spent the latter years of his life in Naraiana, a small distance away from the town of Dudu, near Jaipur city.^[10]

Five thambas are considered sacred by the followers: Naraiana, Bhairanaji, Sambhar, Amer, and Karadala (Kalyanpura). Followers at these thambas later set up other places of worship.

Dadupanthi Martial Akharas

Armed martial akharas were first likely formed by the Dadupanthi Guru Jait Sahib (1693–1734 CE) when he recruited armed Naga sadhus. In 1733, Dadupanthis were tax paying farmers in Jaipur State, and martial Naga Sadhus were employed to enforce the payment of taxes. In 1793, Dadupanthis and Jaipur State had an agreement under which Dadhupanthis provided 5000 armed soldier sadhus to defend the Jaipur State. During the 1857 rebellion, Dadupanthis acted as mercenaries who helped British raj.

Prominent Dadupanthis

Present status

Dadupanth has continued in Rajasthan to the present-day and has been a major source of early manuscripts containing songs by Dadu and other North Indian saints.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Dadu Hindu saint Archived 2 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine at Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
^ "Poet-saint Dadu Dayal". Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Horstmann, Monika. "Dādū Dayāl". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.
^ ^a ^b ^c Callew 1987, pp. 181–190.
^ Dandekar 1987.
^ ^a ^b David N. Lorenzen, 2006, Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History Archived 26 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Yoda Press, p.51-65.
^ Nayak 1996, p. 96.
^ Dadu on Realisation at sahajayoga.org Archived 12 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Upadhaya 1980, p. 10.
^ "Temple Profile". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.

Sources

Callew, Winand M. (1987). "Dadu and the Dadu-Panth: The Sources". In Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (eds.). The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India. Berkeley Religious Studies Series. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 181–190. ISBN 978-81-208-0277-3. OCLC 925707272.
Dandekar, R. N. (1987) [Rev. ed. 2005]. "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan.
Lorenzen, David N. (1995). Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2025-6.
Nayak, Sujatha (1996). "Dadu Dayal". In Sivaramkrishna, M.; Roy, S. (eds.). Poet-Saints of India. New Delhi: A Sterling Paperback. pp. 90–100. ISBN 81-207-1883-6.
Sant Dadu Dayal: Encyclopaedia of Saints Series (Volume 25). Eds. Bakshi, S. R.; Mittra, Sangh (2002). New Delhi: Criterion Publications. ISBN 81-7938-029-7
Upadhaya, K. N. (1980). Dadu the Compassionate Mystic. Punjab: Radha Soami Satsang Beas.