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Cape Guardafui

*Gees Gardafuul*
*Capo Guardafui*
*Aromata promontorium*
Cape Guardafui Gees Gardafuul; Capo Guardafui Aromata promontorium
	Cape Guardafui c. 1900
	Nicknames: Ras Asir; راس عسير
	Cape Guardafui location
	Coordinates: 11°50′N 51°17′E / 11.833°N 51.283°E
Country	Somalia
Regional State	Puntland
Region	Bari
District	Alula
Time zone	UTC+3 (EAT)

Cape Guardafui^[1] is a headland in the federal state of Puntland in Somalia. Coextensive with Puntland's Gardafuul administrative province, it forms the geographical apex of the Horn of Africa. Its shore at 51°27'52"E is the second easternmost point on mainland Africa after Ras Hafun. The offshore oceanic strait Guardafui Channel (or Marinka Gardafuul) is named after it.

Location

Cape Guardafui is located at 11°49′N 51°15′E / 11.817°N 51.250°E / 11.817; 51.250, next to the Guardafui Channel. The archipelago of Socotra lies off the cape in the north of the Somali Sea.^[2]

Fifteen leagues (45 miles) west of Guardafui is Ras Filuk, a steep cliff jutting into the Gulf of Aden from flatland. The mountain is believed to correspond with the ancient Elephas Mons or Cape Elephant (Ras Filuk in Arabic) described by Strabo.^[3]^[4]

History

Referred to as Aromata promontorium (Greek: Αρώματον ἄκρον) by the ancient Greeks, Guardafui was described as early as the 1st century CE in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, along with other flourishing commercial settlements on the northern Somali littoral.^[3]

The name Guardafui originated during the late Middle Ages by sailors using the Mediterranean Lingua Franca: "guarda fui" in ancient Italian means "look and escape", as a reference to the danger of the cape.^[5]

In the early 19th century, Somali seamen barred entry to their ports along the coast, while engaging in trade with Aden and Mocha in adjacent Yemen using their own vessels.^[3]

Due to the frequency of shipwrecks in the treacherous seas near Cape Guardafui, the British signed an agreement with sultan Osman Mahamuud of the Majeerteen Sultanate, which controlled much of the northeastern Somali seaboard during the 19th century. The agreement stipulated that the British would pay annual subsidies to protect shipwrecked British crews and guard wrecks against plunder. The agreement, however, remained unratified, as the British feared that doing so would "give other powers a precedent for making agreements with the Somalis, who seemed ready to enter into relations with all comers."^[6]

Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid of the Sultanate of Hobyo, which also controlled a portion of the coast, later granted concessions to an Aden-based French hotel proprietor and a former French Army officer to construct a lighthouse in Cape Guardafui. Capital for the project was raised by a firm in Marseilles, but the deal subsequently fell through.^[7]

Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi"

Britain ceded to Italy sovereignty over the disputed region where Cape Guardafui is located in 1894. Starting in 1899, the Italians undertook detailed studies and surveys to build a lighthouse and the first concrete project came out in 1904. Italy wanted the construction and maintenance costs of the future lighthouse to be shared by the maritime powers which would benefit most from the new lighthouse but Britain, which suspected that Italy also intended to build a coaling station that would compete with Aden, finally refused to contribute.^[8]

Thus, it is only in the early 1920s that the authorities of Italian Somaliland finally made good on their promise to build a lighthouse. The first one, inaugurated in April 1924 as the Francesco Crispi Lighthouse, was a simple, functional metal-framed lighthouse built atop the headland.^[9] Simultaneously, a wireless station to monitor maritime traffic, which had been built in the nearby village of Tohen, was activated.

A large-scale rebellion against Italian rule in that part of Italian Somaliland was underway at the time and troops guarding the new lighthouse and the wireless station repelled two attacks by several hundred rebels in November 1925 and January 1926.^[10]

The lighthouse had suffered some damages during the attacks and this was one of the reasons that prompted the authorities to build a stronger, stone and reinforced concrete lighthouse, which was inaugurated in 1930. The striking new lighthouse was built in the shape of an Italian fascist "Fascio littorio". The lighthouse, which is no longer in use, still has the huge stone axe blade characteristic of fascist symbolism.

A stone lighthouse and radio station were eventually built in the headland,^[11] with the former named after Francesco Crispi in 1930.^[12]

The lighthouse has an original "Fascio littorio" exterior stone as a decoration, that is typical of fascist architecture promoted by Benito Mussolini. Italian authorities have requested a study to declare the lighthouse an "historical monument" of Somalia and a proposed World Heritage Site.^[13]

Demography

Ras Asir holds resonance among Somalis, it represents the tip of the African continent. Many nomads that traverse here are also fisherman due to the abundance of fish off its shores.^[14] With the usage of binoculars, the vessels that traverse the Guardafui Channel can sometimes be seen.^[15]

Geography

Six miles south of Ras Asir there are mimosa trees with water streams called Wadi Tuhom. The offshore Guardafui Channel connects the Gulf of Aden with the Somali Sea.^[16] A sighting of Ras Asir represents a milestone for passing vessels, due to a sharp westerly change in direction and a changing contrast between the hazardous currents to Ras Asir's east, and the comparatively calm seas to its north, especially during the south-west monsoon.^[17] On April 8, 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region coextensive with Cape Guardafui named Gardafuu. Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of four districts (Baargaal, Bereeda, Alula, and Gumbah)^[18] and has its capital at Alula. It has the longest coastline of Puntlands 9 regions (on both the Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden).

References

^ (Somali: Gees Gardafuul, or Raas Caseyr, or Ras Asir, Arabic: راس عسير, Italian: Capo Guardafui)
^ Longhurst, Alan R. (2007). Ecological Geography of the Sea (second ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Academic Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-0-0804-6557-9. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tuckey, James Hingston, Commander, Royal Navy (1815). Maritime geography and statistics, or A description of the ocean and its coasts, maritime commerce, navigation, etc. Vol. III. London: Printed for Black, Parry, and Co. p. 30. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Strabo (1889). The geography of Strabo: Literary translated, with notes. translated by Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer. Vol. 74-76 of Bohn's classical library. G. Bell & sons. p. 200.
^ Piratestan Archived March 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. University Of Chicago Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-2264-6791-7. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
^ Committee on Northeast African Studies (1981). Northeast African Studies. Vol. 3. Michigan State University Press. p. 50.
^ "Un faro torinese contro i pirati africani". lastampa.it (in Italian). 2014-04-06. Archived from the original on 2021-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
^ "1924 – Il primo faro a capo Guardafui nella Somalia Italiana". 29 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
^ "Caduti in Somalia per la difesa del faro Francesco Crispi". 5 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index. Vol. 9. New York: P.F. Collier & Son Corporation. 1957. p. 405. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Bowditch, Nathaniel (1939). American Practical Navigator: An Epitome of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. p. 352. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
^ "Faro Francesco Crispi". Archived from the original on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
^ Jennings, Todd. "Controlling access in the absence of a central government: the Somali dilemma." Ocean YB 15 (2001): 403.
^ Westberg, Andreas Bruvik. "Anti-piracy in a sea of predation: the interaction of navies, fishermen and pirates off the coast of Somalia." Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 12.2 (2016): 209–226.
^ Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot: Comprising the Suez Canal, the Gulfs of Suez and Akaba, the Red Sea and Strait of Bab El Mandeb, the Gulf of Aden with Sokotra and Adjacent Islands, and the Southeast Coast of Arabia to Ras Al Hadd, pp. 613–616, Hydrographic Office, 1922
^ Sailing directions for the Bay of Bengal: Point Calimere to Laem Pak Phra and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, p 105
^ See the list of regions and districts of Puntland in the article "Akhriso soohdimaha Degmooyinka iyo Gobolada Puntland ee ay gudbisay xukuumadda Deni", Puntlandes.com, 16 Oct. 2022, here Archived 2024-04-09 at the Wayback Machine.