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The wildlife of Somalia includes the flora and fauna of Somalia, which is extremely diverse due to the country's location between the temperate and the tropical zones. Somalia has a long coastline, bordered by the Indian Ocean in the east and Red Sea in the north. The northwestern and central parts of the country are arid, or very dry. The southern and northeastern regions are semi-arid, receiving slightly more rainfall than the central and northwest regions. The coastal region is more humid due to its proximity to the ocean. Somalia is home to over 727 species of birds and boasts over 177 species of mammals.

The Nile crocodile, the largest crocodilian found in Africa, is very common in southern Somalia. Somalia is home to a diverse variety of flora and fauna, from acacia trees, to birds, large cats, and reptiles large and small.

In some areas, the mountains are covered with shrubs such as pyracantha, jasmine, poinsettia, and a varied assortment of evergreens. Caraway, carcade, cardamom, coriander, incense, myrrh, and red pepper are common.

Lexicology

There are many forms of terminology and ways of describing the subphylums, metonyms and classifications of the various animals living within Somalia. These include, bahal ('creature'), doobjoog ('domestic animal'/'pet'), duurjoog/dugaag ('wild'/'undomesticated animal'), hangaguri ('general animal'), dalanga or its determiner form dalangihi (chordate), naasley ('mammal'), cayayaan ('insect'), beribiyood ('amphibian'), xamaarato ('reptile'), and noole ('organism').^[1]

Fauna

Mammals

Somalia contains a variety of mammals due to its geographical and climatic diversity. Wild animals are found in every region. Among them are the lion,^[2] Somali cheetah, reticulated giraffe, hamadryas baboon, civet, serval, African bush elephant, bushpig, Soemmerring's gazelle, antelope, ibex, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, reedbuck, Somali wild ass, Grévy's zebra, and hyena.

Elephants were also found in Somalia. Since elephants are migratory, they are found in a variety of habitats, such as woodland, savanna, and tropical forests. The yellow-spotted rock hyrax, which is found in savanna and rocky areas, looks much like a large rodent, but is actually related to elephants. The golden mole lives in savanna.^[3]

The following mammals are found exclusively in Somalia:

Gerenuk are found in Somalia

Elephant shrews are found in Somalia

Somalia has the world's largest population of camels

Giraffe

Birds

Somalia is currently home to about 727 species of birds, of which eight are endemic, one has been introduced by humans and one is rare or accidental. Fourteen species are globally threatened. The following species of birds are found exclusively in Somalia:^[4]

Columba oliviae - Somali pigeon
Laniarius nigerrimus - black boubou
Alaemon hamertoni - lesser hoopoe-lark
Heteromirafra archeri - Archer's lark
Mirafra ashi - Ash's bushlark
Mirafra somalica - Somali bushlark
Spizocorys obbiensis - Obbia lark
Carduelis johannis - Warsangli linnet

Reptiles

The Nile crocodile is very common in southern Somalia

Somalia has roughly 235 species of reptiles, of which almost half live in its northern areas. The Nile crocodile is very common in southern Somalia, and is the largest crocodilian found in Africa. Adult males can grow to between 12 and 16 feet long.

Other reptiles unique to Somalia include Hughes' saw-scaled viper, the southern Somali garter snake, Platyceps messanai, Scortecci's diadem snake (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), the Somali sand boa, the angled worm lizard, Macfadyen's mastigure (Uromastyx macfadyeni), Lanza's gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), the semaphore gecko, and a wall lizard from either Mesalina or Eremias. The colubrid snake (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) and Haacke-Greer's skink (Haackgreerius miopus) are endemic genera.^[5]

Fish

With 3300 km of coastline facing the Indian Ocean, Somalia has the longest coastline in continental Africa. Somali waters are prime fishing grounds for migratory fish such as tuna and tuna-like species, and a narrow but productive continental shelf is the home to several demersal fish and crustacean species.^[6]

Fish species found exclusively in Somalia include:

Flora

The highlands, which in an almost continuous line traverse East Africa, have to a great extent isolated the flora of Somalia in spite of the general resemblance of its climate and soil to the country on the western side of the band of high ground. The greater part of the country is covered either with tall coarse grasses, or more commonly with thick thorn-bush or jungle, among which rise occasional isolated, trees. The prevalent bush plants are khansa, acacias, aloes, and, especially, Boswellia and Commiphora, which yield highly fragrant resins and balsams, such as myrrh, frankincense (olibanum) and balm of Gilead.

Among the larger trees are the mountain cedar, reaching to 100 ft.; the gob, which bears edible berries in appearance something like the cherry with the taste of an apple, grows to some 80 ft, and is found fringing the river beds. There are patches of dense reeds, reaching 10 ft high, and thickets of tamarisk along the river beds, and on either side the jungle is high and more luxuriant than on the open plateau. Of herbaceous plants the kissenia, the sole representative of the order Loasaceae, which is common in America but very rare elsewhere, is found in Somalia, which also possesses forms belonging to the eastern Mediterranean flora.

The following vascular plant genera are found exclusively in Somalia:^[7]

The genus Boswellia, from which frankincense is harvested

Myrrh

Closeup of Cal Madow's plant species

Cleomaceae

Balsam

Notes

^ Puglielli, Annarita, and Cabdallah Cumar Mansuur. "Grammatica della lingua somala per le scuole superiori." (2013).
^ Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P.F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15951A115130419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (Eds.) (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
^ Dickinson, E.C. (Ed.) (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Revised and enlarged third edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
^ Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, accessed December 8, 2013.
^ FishBase 2004: a global information system on fishes. DVD. WorldFish Center - Philippine Office, Los Banos, Philippines. Published in May 2004
^ Mabberley, D.J. (2008). Mabberley's Plant-book. Third Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

References

Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
"Animal Diversity Web". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1995–2006. Retrieved 22 May 2007.