Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Awdal

Awdal
Awdal (Somali)
أودَل (Arabic)
Ruins of the Muslim Sultanate of Adal in Zeila
Motto(s): 
Location in Somaliland
Location in Somaliland
Coordinates: 10°48′3″N 43°21′7″E / 10.80083°N 43.35194°E / 10.80083; 43.35194
CountrySomaliland
Administrative centreBorama
Government
 • TypeRegional
 • GovernorHassan Dahir Haddi[1]
Area
 • Total21,374 km2 (8,253 sq mi)
Elevation
2,136 m (7,008 ft)
Highest elevation
2,632 m (8,635 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2022[2])
 • Total576,543
 • Density27/km2 (70/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Area code+252
ISO 3166 codeSO-AW
HDI (2021)0.401[3]
low · 3rd

Awdal (Somali: Awdal, Arabic: أودَل) is an administrative region (gobol)[4][5] in western Somaliland. It was separated from Woqooyi Galbeed and became a province in 1984 and is the most northwesterly province of Somaliland. To the east it borders Maroodi Jeex and Sahil; to its north-west it borders Djibouti; to its south and south-west lies Ethiopia; and the Gulf of Aden to its north.[6] The province has an estimated population of 1,010,566.[7] The region comprises the four districts of Borama, the regional capital, Baki, Lughaya, and Zeila.

Description

Ruins of the Adal Sultanate in Zeila, Somaliland.

Awdal (أودل) takes its name from the medieval Adal Sultanate (عَدَل), which was originally centered on Zeila.[8] The area along the Ethiopian border is abundant with ruined cities, which were described by the British explorer Richard F. Burton.[9] Geologically, much of the Awdal region is located in the Arabian Plate.[10]

Demographics

The Awdal Region is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi subclan of the Dir who are especially well represented and considered the predominant clan of the region.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Federico Battera (2005) states about the Awdal Region:

"Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans."[20]

A UN report published by Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999), states concerning Awdal:

"The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs."[21]

Roland Marchal (1997) states that numerically, the Gadabuursi are the predominant inhabitants of the Awdal Region:

"The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region."[22]

Marleen Renders and Ulf Terlinden (2010) both state that the Gadabuursi almost exclusively inhabit the Awdal Region:

"Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia, and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security."[23]

There is also a sizeable minority of the Issa subclan of the Dir who mainly inhabit the Zeila district.[24]

Districts

The Awdal region consists of four districts:[5]

District Grade Capital Comments Location
Borama A Borama Regional capital
Zeila B Zeila
Lughaya C Lughaya
Baki C Baki

See also

References

  1. ^ "President Muse Bihi names new positions". 23 June 2023.
  2. ^ International Population Conference (IPC). "IPC Population Estimates: Projection (Apr-Jun 2023)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency.
  5. ^ a b "Awdal Region" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  6. ^ E. H. M. Clifford, "The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary", Geographical Journal Archived 28 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Apr. 1936), p. 296
  7. ^ "Population Estimation Survey 2014". Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2017.
  8. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-8258-3084-7. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  9. ^ Richard Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa, 1856; edited with an introduction and additional chapters by Gordon Waterfield (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 132. For a more recent description, see A. T. Curle, "The Ruined cities of Somalia", Antiquity, 11 (1937), pp. 315-327
  10. ^ Bosellini, Alfonso. "The Continental Margins of Somalia: Structural Evolution and Sequence Stratigraphy: Chapter 11: African and Mediterranean Margins." (1992): 185-205.
  11. ^ Ambroso, G (2002). Pastoral society and transnational refugees:population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 (PDF). p. 5. Main sub-clan(s) Habr Awal, Region(s): Waqooyi Galbeed, Main districts: Gabiley, Hargeisa, Berbera. Main sub-clan(s) Gadabursi, Region(s): Awdal, Main districts: Borama, Baki, part. Gabiley, Zeila, Lughaya.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link).
  12. ^ Samatar, Abdi I. "Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University". p. 132. Samaroon or Gadabursi is the clan name for the majority of people of Awdal origin.
  13. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010. Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans. The Gadaabursi are concentrated in Awdal.
  14. ^ UN (1999) Somaliland: Update to SML26165.E of 14 February 1997 on the situation in Zeila, including who is controlling it, whether there is fighting in the area, and whether refugees are returning. "Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs." p. 5.
  15. ^ Renders, Marleen; Terlinden, Ulf. "Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland". In Tobias Hagmann; Didier Péclard (eds.). Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa (PDF). p. 191. Retrieved 21 January 2012. Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security.
  16. ^ Jörg, J (8 March 2024). What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?. Verlag Hans Schiler. p. 132. ISBN 978-3-86093-230-8. Awdal region , populated by Dir clans : the Gadabursi and ` Cisa , is credited as being the most stable region in Somaliland . This is mainly due to peacekeeping efforts on the part of the Gadabursi clan who dominate this region.
  17. ^ Countries That Aren't Really Countries. p. 22. The Isaaq are concentrated primarily in the regions of Maroodi Jeex, Sanaag, Gabiley, Togdheer and Saaxil. The Gadabuursi inhabit the west, pre-dominantly in Awdal, the Zeila district of Salal and parts of Gabiley.
  18. ^ Bruchhaus, E. M, Sommer, M. M. (8 March 2024). Hot Spot Horn of Africa Revisited (2008). p. 54. ISBN 978-3-8258-1314-7. Next to the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi, a small minority of Ciisse inhabits Awdal.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung (8 March 2024). Afrika Spectrum Volume 43. p. 77. Gadabursi being the major descent group in the Awdal region.
  20. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010. Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans.
  21. ^ UN (1999) Somaliland: Update to SML26165.E of 14 February 1997 on the situation in Zeila, including who is controlling it, whether there is fighting in the area, and whether refugees are returning. "Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs." p. 5.
  22. ^ Marchal, Roland (1997). "United Nations Development Office for Somalia: Studies on Governance: Awdal Region". The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region.
  23. ^ Renders, Marleen; Terlinden, Ulf. "Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland". In Tobias Hagmann; Didier Péclard (eds.). Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa (PDF). p. 191. Retrieved 21 January 2012. Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security.
  24. ^ Janzen, J.; von Vitzthum, S.; Somali Studies International Association (2001). What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?: Science Between Resignation and Hope? : Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6-9 December 1996. Proceedings of the ... SSIA-Congress. Das Arabische Buch. p. 132. ISBN 978-3-86093-230-8. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.

External links

  • Administrative maps of Awdal region and its official districts: here [1] and here [2]
Baca informasi lainnya:

Species of shark Eastern banded catshark Atelomycterus marnkalha Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Carcharhiniformes Family: Scyliorhinidae Genus: Atelomycterus Species: A. marnkalha Binomial name Atelomycterus marnkalhaJacobsen & Bennett, 2007 The eastern banded catshark (Atelomycterus marnkalha) is a species of catshark, and part of the family Scyliorhinidae. It is found along the northeastern coast of Australia…

Election in South Carolina Main article: 1912 United States presidential election 1912 United States presidential election in South Carolina ← 1908 November 5, 1912 1916 →   Nominee Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt Party Democratic Progressive Home state New Jersey New York Running mate Thomas R. Marshall Hiram Johnson Electoral vote 9 0 Popular vote 48,357 1,293 Percentage 95.94% 2.57% County Results Wilson  80-90%  90-100% …

South African-based financial services group Not to be confused with Discovery, Inc.. Discovery LimitedDiscovery Limited’s headquarters in SandtonTypePublicTraded asJSE: DSYIndustryFinancial servicesInsuranceFounded1992; 31 years ago (1992)FounderAdrian GoreHeadquartersSandton, Gauteng, South AfricaArea served Australia China Singapore South Africa United Kingdom United States Key peopleAdrian Gore (CEO)Hermanus Bosman (Chairman)ProductsInsuranceAsset ManagementRevenue ZAR: 3…

Wappen Deutschlandkarte 50.7155555555567.6011111111111285Koordinaten: 50° 43′ N, 7° 36′ O Basisdaten Bundesland: Rheinland-Pfalz Landkreis: Altenkirchen (Westerwald) Verbandsgemeinde: Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld Höhe: 285 m ü. NHN Fläche: 2,63 km2 Einwohner: 372 (31. Dez. 2022)[1] Bevölkerungsdichte: 141 Einwohner je km2 Postleitzahl: 57635 Vorwahl: 02681 Kfz-Kennzeichen: AK Gemeindeschlüssel: 07 1 32 118 Adres…

Afantasia, também já referida como imaginação cega, é uma condição mental caracterizada pela incapacidade de visualizar voluntariamente imagens mentais.[1] Muitas pessoas com afantasia também relatam uma incapacidade de recordar sons (músicas e vozes), cheiros ou sensações de toque. Alguns também relatam prosopagnosia, a incapacidade de reconhecer rostos.[2] A condição oposta se chama hiperfantasia, caracterizada pelo excesso de imagens mentais.[3] O fenômeno foi descrito pela pri…

Sistem saraf parasimpatisPersarafan sistem saraf otonom, sistem parasimpatis ditunjukkan dengan garis biru.RincianPengidentifikasiBahasa LatinPars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematisMeSHD010275TA98A14.3.02.001TA26661FMA9907Daftar istilah anatomi[sunting di Wikidata] Sistem saraf parasimpatis adalah salah satu dari dua divisi sistem saraf otonom atau autonomic nervous system (ANS) yang bertolak belakang dengan sistem saraf simpatis. Sistem saraf parasimpatis mendominasi dalam kond…

Kabupaten KamparKabupatenTranskripsi bahasa daerah • Abjad JawiكمڤرCandi Muara Takus LambangPetaKabupaten KamparPetaTampilkan peta SumatraKabupaten KamparKabupaten Kampar (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 0°18′49″N 101°01′07″E / 0.3136°N 101.0185°E / 0.3136; 101.0185Negara IndonesiaProvinsiRiauIbu kotaBangkinangJumlah satuan pemerintahan Daftar Kecamatan: 21Kelurahan: 8Desa: 250 Pemerintahan • BupatiDr. H. Kams…

Archivo de la Memoria Trans Tipo Archivo audiovisual y acervo documental de la comunidad transgénero en la ArgentinaFundación 2012Fundador María Belén CorreaPersonas clave Claudia Pía BaudraccoFacebook archivotransSitio web archivotrans.ar[editar datos en Wikidata] El Archivo de la Memoria Trans es un colectivo audiovisual argentino que busca proteger, construir y reivindicar la memoria trans argentina a través de fotos, videos y recortes de diarios. El archivo cuenta con unas 60…

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: It looks like much of this has been copy/pasted from the French Wikipedia and then translated, with links to frwiki left in-place. French Wikipedia has a different style guide to ours, so things like smart-quotes and guillemets should be changed to straight-quotes and direct links to frwiki should be replaced with calls to Template:ill. Language-tagging should be completed, as well. Please help impro…

У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Білики (значення). село Білики Герб Прапор Країна  Україна Область Полтавська область Район Миргородський район Рада Біликівська сільська рада Код КАТОТТГ UA53060230030044571 Основні дані Населення 839 Поштовий індекс 37661 Теле…

Dieser Artikel beschreibt Kalenderwerke im Allgemeinen. Zum Teil des Uhrwerks siehe Kadratur. Ein Kalendarium (mittellateinisch kalendarium, spätlateinisch calendarium = Schuldregister der Geldverleiher, zu: Calendae) ist ein Verzeichnis der Tage des Jahres, das je nach Art des Kalenders nach Wochen, Monaten etc. gegliedert oder den einzelnen Tagen nach eingeteilt ist. Ursprünglich bezeichnet ein Kalendarium ein Verzeichnis im Römischen Reich für den Stichtag der fälligen Schulden. Im Chr…

Ulster loyalist paramilitary movement This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Third Force Northern Ireland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Third ForceEmblem of Third Force.FoundersIan Paisley, Ivan FosterDates of operati…

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Rockport Art Association – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Rockport Art Association is an art association in the United States. It started as an artist's cooperative and became a gathering place of New England artists of the 20th…

British free-to-air television channel This article is about the British music television channel from Channel 4. For an unrelated music production company, see Music 4. Not to be confused with 4 Musics. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 4Music – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Septem…

American professional golfer This article is about the American golfer. For the Irish anarchist, see Patrick Read. Patrick ReedPersonal informationFull namePatrick Nathaniel ReedNicknameCaptain America[1]Born (1990-08-05) August 5, 1990 (age 33)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.Height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight200 lb (91 kg; 14 st)Sporting nationality United StatesResidenceThe Woodlands, Texas, U.S.Spouse Justine Karain Reed ​(m. 2012)…

Claudia Leitte discographyLeitte performing during Corazón Tour, 2016Studio albums1Live albums3Compilation albums2EPs2Singles48 Brazilian singer and songwriter Claudia Leitte has released one studio album, three live album, two compilation albums, two EPs, two promotional albums, and 48 singles (including twelve as a featured artist and eleven promotional singles). She has sold 4 million records overall. Album Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and…

Third largest verified astrobleme on earth, remains of an Paleoproterozoic Era impact Sudbury BasinSudbury StructureNASA World Wind satellite image of the Sudbury astroblemeImpact crater/structureConfidenceConfirmedDiameter130 km (81 mi)Age1849 MaPaleoproterozoicExposedYesDrilledYesBolide typeChondriteLocationCoordinates46°36′N 81°11′W / 46.600°N 81.183°W / 46.600; -81.183CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioLocation of the crater in Canada Geological map of Sudb…

The following is a list of characters who appear in Yudetamago's manga and anime series Ultimate Muscle/Kinnikuman Nisei. Prologue of a Legend~Hercules Factory Arc Mantaro Muscle Mantaro Kinniku (キン肉万太郎 Kinniku Mantarō) / Mantaro Kinnikuman/Mantaro Muscle (Kid Muscle) Voiced by: Masaya Onosaka/Marc Thompson (US). Homeland: Planet Kinniku, Age: 14 (Choujin Olympics: 15, Ultimate Tag: 16), Height: 176cm/5'9, Weight: 83kg/189lbs., Chojin Power: 930,000. The main character of the story.…

New Zealand rower Joseph SullivanMNZMSullivan in 2010Personal informationBorn (1987-04-11) 11 April 1987 (age 36)Rangiora, New Zealand Medal record Men's rowing Representing  New Zealand Olympic Games 2012 London Double sculls World Rowing Championships 2010 Karapiro Double sculls 2011 Bled Double sculls World Rowing U23 Championships 2007 Glasgow Single sculls 2008 Munich Single sculls 2009 Račice Double sculls Joseph Sullivan MNZM (born 11 April 1987) is a New Zealand rower. As a st…

Species of New World monkey Azara's night monkey[1] Azara's night monkey (A. a. infulatus) at Cristalino Jungle Lodge, Mato Grosso, Brazil Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Family: Aotidae Genus: Aotus Species: A. azarae Binomial name Aotus azarae(Humboldt, 1811) Azara's night monkey range Azara's night…

Central agency and central institution of the Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth SecretariatLogoFormation1965; 58 years ago (1965)PurposePrimary organ of the Commonwealth of NationsHeadquartersMarlborough HouseLondon, SW1Secretary-GeneralPatricia Scotland (2016–present)Parent organisationThe Head of the Commonwealth andThe Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM)Websitewww.thecommonwealth.org The Commonwealth Secretariat is the main intergovernmental agency and cent…

A distinct area of continental crust that existed as a major landmass in the geological past A paleocontinent or palaeocontinent is a distinct area of continental crust that existed as a major landmass in the geological past.[1] There have been many different landmasses throughout Earth's time.[citation needed] They range in sizes, some are just a collection of small microcontinents while others are large conglomerates of crust. As time progresses and sea levels rise and fall mor…

Batalyon Infanteri 405/Surya KusumaLambang Yonif 405 /Surya KusumaDibentuk28 Oktober 1953NegaraIndonesiaCabangInfanteriTipe unitSatuan TempurPeranPasukan Jalan KakiBagian dariBrigif 4/Dewa RatnaMarkasBanyumas, Jawa TengahJulukanYonif 405/SKMotoSetia,Tangguh, Pantang MenyerahBaretHijauUlang tahun28 Oktober Batalyon Infanteri 405/Surya Kusuma merupakan Batalyon Infanteri organik di bawah Kodam IV/Diponegoro. Yonif 405/SK sekarang berada di bawah komando langsung Brigade Infanteri 4/Dewa Ratna yang…

Masjid Taha Taha MosqueMasjid Taha in SingaporeReligionAffiliationIslamBranch/traditionAhmadiyyaLocationLocation118 Onan Road, Singapore 424530Geographic coordinates1°18′49″N 103°53′54″E / 1.3137°N 103.8982°E / 1.3137; 103.8982ArchitectureTypeMosque Masjid Taha, or Taha Mosque (Arabic: مسجد طه) is a mosque in Geylang, Singapore. It is the only mosque for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the country. It is located at Onan Road, adjacent to Masjid Khalid,…

Slavic married woman's headdress Traditional Ukrainian headdress The ochipok (Ukrainian: очіпок, also намітка, namitka; перемітка, peremitka; серпанок, serpanok; рантух, rantukh; склендячка, sklendyachka; хустка, khustka) is a married woman's headdress as part of traditional Slavic folk dress, often decorated with embroidery. It is a cap that covers the entire head with a slit in the back and laces that pull it tightly around the head.[1 …

Algimantas Šalna Nazionalità  Unione Sovietica Altezza 181 cm Peso 75 kg Biathlon Squadra Dynamo Kaunas Termine carriera 1985 Palmarès Competizione Ori Argenti Bronzi Olimpiadi 1 0 0 Mondiali 2 0 0 Per maggiori dettagli vedi qui   Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Algimantas Šalna (Vidiškės, 12 settembre 1959) è un allenatore di biathlon ed ex biatleta lituano, vincitore di varie medaglie olimpiche e iridate. Durante la sua carriera agonistica gareggiò per la nazionale …

Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico Juan de Dios Conde28th Mayor of Ponce, Puerto RicoIn office? 1836 – 31 December 1836Preceded byAntonio AlbizuSucceeded byJosé Ortiz de la Renta31st Mayor of Ponce, Puerto RicoIn office1 January 1839 – 31 December 1839Preceded byPatricio ColónSucceeded bySalvador de Vives Personal detailsBornca. 1786[1]Guayana[2][3]NationalityPuerto RicanProfessionHacendado[4] Juan de Dios Conde was mayor of Ponce, Puerto …

Highest judicial power of Catalonia (Spain) This article is about the judicial body. For the pre-1714 legislature of Catalonia, see Catalan Courts. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: High Court of Justice of Catalonia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) High Court o…

アルバムについては「クラムチャウダー (アルバム)」をご覧ください。 この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: クラムチャウダー – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパ…

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Спрайт. Sprite Тип Безалкогольный напиток Производитель The Coca-Cola Company Происхождение  Германия США Год 1961 Цвет прозрачный Сайт sprite.com (англ.) Компоненты Основные лимон[d]  Медиафайлы на Викискладе Sprite («Спрайт») — г…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya