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Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Also known as:; Kantoni Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (Bosnian) Županije Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (Croatian) Кантони Федерације Босне и Херцеговине (Serbian);
Category	Federal unit
Location	Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Created	12 June 1996;
Number	10 Cantons
Populations	23,734 (Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde) – 445,028 (Tuzla)
Areas	325 km2 (125.5 sq mi) (Posavina) – 4,934 km2 (1,905.1 sq mi) (Canton 10)
Government	Cantonal government;
Subdivisions	Municipality;

The ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the two political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, are its federal units with a high level of autonomy. The cantons were established by the Law on Federal Units (Cantons) on 12 June 1996 as a result of the Washington Agreement of 1994 between the representatives of the Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks.

Five of the cantons have a Bosniak majority: Una-Sana Canton, Tuzla Canton, Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde and Sarajevo Canton; three have a Croat majority: Posavina Canton, West Herzegovina Canton and Canton 10, and the two cantons are regarded as ethnically mixed: Central Bosnia Canton and Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. The most populous canton is Tuzla Canton, while Canton 10 is the largest by area.

Creation

The cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are a result of an artificial application of 1993 Vance–Owen Peace Plan for the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, applied only to one part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[1] The plan originally foresaw the cantonization of the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[2]

The cantons were to be named after rivers and cities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, based on the tradition from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's naming of banates in 1929.^[1]

The ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were created by the Law on Federal Units (Cantons), enacted by the Constituent Assembly of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 12 June 1996.^[3] Of these, five have Bosniak and three Croat majorities, while two cantons are mixed.^[4] The cantons with Bosniak-majority are: Una-Sana Canton, Tuzla Canton, Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde and Sarajevo Canton, while the Croat-majority cantons are Posavina Canton, West Herzegovina Canton and Canton 10. The two mixed cantons are Central Bosnia Canton and Herzegovina-Neretva Canton.^[5]

Jurisdiction

As the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created on the principle of decentralisation, the cantons have strong autonomy which is guaranteed by a long list of exclusive jurisdictions in the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including police, education, cultural policy, housing policy, public services, local economic policy, energy policy, media policy, welfare, tourism and the right of the cantons to introduce taxation and borrow money. Other jurisdictions are shared with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including enforcement of human rights, health and environmental policy, infrastructure, social welfare, tourism and natural resources. Although in some areas the constitution foresaw a mixed jurisdiction between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the cantons, such as tourism and energy policy, the cantons are the dominant actors. The principle of decentralisation is especially emphasised in the two mixed cantons, where the decisions regarding core issues, such as education, are left in the jurisdiction of the municipalities.^[4]

Governance

The cantons consist of municipalities. A canton has its own government headed by a premier. The premier has his own cabinet, and is assisted in his duties by various cantonal ministries, agencies, and cantonal services. Five of the cantons (Una-Sana, Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj, Bosnian-Podrinje, and Sarajevo) have a Bosniak majority, three (Posavina, West Herzegovina and Canton 10) have a Bosnian Croat majority, while two of them (Central Bosnia and Herzegovina-Neretva) are "ethnically mixed", meaning neither ethnic group has a majority and there are special legislative procedures for the protection of their political interests.

No.	Abbr	English name	Center	Population (2013)	Bosniaks	%	Croats	%	Serbs	%	Area (km²)	Density	Municipalities
1	USK USŽ	Una-Sana Canton	Bihać	273,261	246,012	90.03%	5,073	1.86%	8,452	3.09%	4,125.0	69.8	8
2	PK ŽP	Posavina Canton	Orašje	43,453	8,252	18.99%	33,600	77.32%	831	1.91%	324.6	124.8	3
3	TK TŽ	Tuzla Canton	Tuzla	445,028	392,356	88.16%	23,592	5.30%	7,058	1.59%	2,649.0	187.9	13
4	ZDK ZDŽ	Zenica-Doboj Canton	Zenica	364,433	299,452	82.17%	43,819	12.02%	5,543	1.52%	3,334.3	119.9	12
5	BPK BPŽ	Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde	Goražde	23,734	22,313	94.01%	24	0.10%	885	3.73%	504.6	65.8	3
6	SBK ŽSB	Central Bosnia Canton	Travnik	254,686	146,652	57.58%	97,629	38.33%	3,043	1.19%	3,189	80.2	12
7	HNK HNŽ	Herzegovina-Neretva Canton	Mostar	222,007	92,005	41.44%	118,297	53.29%	6,432	2.90%	4,401	51.5	9
8	ZHK ŽZH	West Herzegovina Canton	Široki Brijeg	94,898	718	0.76%	93,725	98.77%	101	0.11%	1,362.2	60.1	4
9	KS SŽ	Sarajevo Canton	Sarajevo	413,593	346,575	83.80%	17,520	4.24%	13,300	3.22%	1,276.9	329.9	9
10	K10 HBŽ	Canton 10	Livno	84,127	8,037	9.55%	64,604	76.79%	10,905	12.96%	4,934.9	16.5	6
	FBiH	Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	2,219,220	1,562,372	70.40%	497,883	22.44%	56,550	2.55%	26,110.0	89.1	79

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Keil 2016, p. 112.
^ Keil 2016, p. 77.
^ Jurilj 2017, p. 127.
^ ^a ^b Keil 2016, p. 111.
^ Gavrić & Banović 2012, p. 142.

References

Books

Gavrić, Saša; Banović, Damir, eds. (2012). Parlamentarizam u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: Sarajevski otvoreni centar/Fondacija Friedrich Ebert. ISBN 9789958536014.
Keil, Soeren (2016). Multinational Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781317093435.

Journals

Jurilj, Lana (2017). "Država kao subjekt međunarodnog prava s posebnim osvrtom na Bosnu i Hercegovinu". Mostariensia. 21 (1): 83–95. doi:10.47960/2831-0322.