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A brother (pl.: brothers or brethren) is a man or boy who shares one or more parents with another; a male sibling.^[1] The female counterpart is a sister. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.^[2] A full brother is a first degree relative.

Overview

The term brother comes from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr, which becomes Latin frater, of the same meaning. Sibling warmth or affection between male siblings has been correlated to some more negative effects. In pairs of brothers, higher sibling warmth is related to more risk taking behaviour, although risk taking behaviour is not related to sibling warmth in any other type of sibling pair. The cause of this phenomenon in which sibling warmth is only correlated with risk taking behaviours in brother pairs still is unclear. This finding does, however, suggest that although sibling conflict is a risk factor for risk taking behaviour, sibling warmth does not serve as a protective factor.^[4] Some studies suggest that girls having an older brother delays the onset of menarche by roughly one year.^[5] Research also suggests that the likelihood of being gay increases with the more older brothers a man has.^[6] Some analyzers have suggested that a man's attractiveness to a heterosexual woman may increase with the more he resembles her brother, while his unattractiveness may increase the more his likeness diverges from her brother.^[7] Females with a twin or very close-in-age brother, sometimes view him as their male alter ego, or what they would have been like, if they had a Y chromosomes.^[8]

Fraternal relationship

The book Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII written by Aristotle in 350 B.C.E., offers a way in which people should view the relationships between biological brothers. The relationship of brothers is laid out with the following quote: "The friendship of brothers has the characteristics found in that of comrades and in general between people who are like each other, is as much as they belong more to each other and start with a love for each other from their very birth, and in as much as those born to the same parents and brought up together and similarly educated are more akin in character; and the test of time has been applied most fully and convincingly in their case".^[9] For these reasons, it is the job of the older brother to influence the ethics of the younger brother by being a person of good action. Aristotle says "by imitating and reenacting the acts of good people, a child becomes habituated to good action". Over time the younger brother will develop the good actions of the older brother as well and be like him. Aristotle also adds this on the matter of retaining the action of doing good once imitated: "Once the habits of ethics or immorality become entrenched, they are difficult to break."^[10] The good habits that are created by the influence of the older brother become habit in the life of the younger brother and turn out to be seemingly permanent. It is the role of the older brother to be a positive influence on the development of the younger brother's upbringing when it comes to the education of ethics and good actions. When positive characteristics are properly displayed to the younger brother by the older brother, these habits and characteristics are imitated and foster an influential understanding of good ethics and positive actions.

Famous brothers

Gracchi, Ancient Roman reformers
George Washington Adams, John Adams II, and Charles Francis Adams Sr., politicians
Ben Affleck and Casey Affleck, actors
The Alexander Brothers; musicians
Mel, Wes, and Eric Chase Anderson
Alec Baldwin, William Baldwin, Stephen Baldwin, Daniel Baldwin, also known as the Baldwin brothers; actors
John and Lionel Barrymore, actors
Beau Biden and Hunter Biden, sons of Joe Biden
Beau Bridges and Jeff Bridges, actors
Chang and Eng Bunker, the original Siamese twins
George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, Neil Bush and Marvin Bush, sons of George H. W. Bush
David Carradine, Keith Carradine, and Robert Carradine, American actors
Bill Clinton, 42nd President of the United States, and Roger Clinton Jr., his younger half-brother
Joel and Ethan Coen; filmmakers
Carmine Coppola and Anton Coppola, composers
August Coppola and Francis Ford Coppola, sons of Carmine Coppola
Marc Coppola, Christopher Coppola, and Nicolas Cage, actors and sons of August Coppola
Gian-Carlo Coppola and Roman Coppola, sons of Francis Ford Coppola
Stephen Curry and Seth Curry; current NBA point guards in the Western Conference
Dizzy and Daffy Dean, Major League Baseball pitchers
Mark DeBarge, Randy DeBarge, El DeBarge, James DeBarge, and Bobby DeBarge, the male members of the singing group DeBarge
Ethan and Grayson Dolan, YouTubers
Matt and Ross Duffer, directors and writers
Emilio Estevez and Charlie Sheen, actors
Chris Evans and Scott Evans, actors
Isaac Everly and Phil Everly, The Everly Brothers, singers
James Franco, Tom Franco, and Dave Franco, actors
Liam Gallagher and Noel Gallagher, members of Oasis (band)
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, and Maurice Gibb, members of the Brothers Gibb or "Bee Gees" singing group
John Gotti, Eugene "Gene" Gotti, Peter Gotti and Richard V. Gotti, New York "made men" with the Gambino crime family
Frederick Dent Grant, Ulysses S. Grant Jr., and Jesse Root Grant
Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, known as the Brothers Grimm, German academics and folk tale collectors
Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy, professional wrestlers
Luke Hemsworth, Chris Hemsworth, and Liam Hemsworth, actors
Herbert Hoover Jr. and Allan Hoover
Pau and Marc Gasol, professional basketball players
O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley, and Ronald Isley, Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, and Vernon Isley, members of The Isley Brothers singer-songwriting group and band, which also included their brother-in-law, Chris Jasper
Jackie Jackson, Tito Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson and Randy Jackson, members of The Jackson 5 and later The Jacksons
Jesse and Frank James, Old West outlaws
Kevin, Joe and Nick Jonas, musicians, collectively known as the Jonas Brothers
John, Robert and Ted Kennedy
John, Robert and Ted Kennedy, politicians
Edward M. Kennedy Jr. and Patrick J. Kennedy, politicians
Terry Labonte and Bobby Labonte, race car drivers
Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Baker Lincoln, William Wallace Lincoln and Tad Lincoln, sons of Abraham Lincoln
Loud Brothers, piano designers and manufacturers
Eli and Peyton Manning, National Football League quarterbacks
Mario and Luigi, video game characters
Zack and Cody Martin, Disney Channel characters
John McCain, U.S. Senator and two-time presidential candidate, and Joe McCain, American stage actor, newspaper reporter
Justin, Travis, and Griffin McElroy, podcasters
Billy Leon McCrary and Benny Loyd McCrary, wrestlers known as The McGuire Twins
Lyle and Erik Menendez, murderers
Harold Nixon, Richard Nixon, Donald Nixon, Arthur Nixon, and Edward Nixon
Matthew, Christopher, and Jonathan Nolan, directors
J. Robert Oppenheimer and Frank Oppenheimer, physicists
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond, Jay Osmond and Donny Osmond, members of The Osmonds
Logan Paul and Jake Paul, YouTubers, internet personalities, and actors
River Phoenix and Joaquin Phoenix, actors
Neil and Ronald Reagan
Ringling brothers, circus performers, owners, and show runners
John D. Rockefeller and William Rockefeller, co-founders of Standard Oil and members of the Rockefeller family
Cornelius Roosevelt and James I. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr., Kermit Roosevelt, Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, and Quentin Roosevelt
James Roosevelt, Elliot Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., and John Aspinwall Roosevelt
Russo brothers, filmmakers, producers, and directors
Matthew Shire, Jason Schwartzman, and Robert Schwartzman, actors, musicians, and sons of Talia Shire
Daniel Sedin and Henrik Sedin, professional hockey players
Alexander Skarsgård, Gustaf Skarsgård, Bill Skarsgård, and Valter Skarsgård, actors and sons of Stellan Skarsgård
Wallace Shawn and Allen Shawn, writer and composer of The Fever
Bobby Shriver, Timothy Shriver, Mark Shriver, and Anthony Shriver
Thomas "Tommy" Smothers and Richard "Dick" Smothers, performing artists known as the Smothers Brothers
Dylan Sprouse and Cole Sprouse, actors and known as the Dylan and Cole Sprouse
Prabowo Subianto and Hashim Djojohadikusumo, politicians
Thor and Loki, Marvel Comics characters
Fred Trump Jr., Donald Trump, and Robert Trump
Vincent van Gogh, painter, and Theo van Gogh, art dealer
J. J. Watt, T. J. Watt, Derek Watt, National Football League Players
Damon Wayans, Dwayne Wayans, Keenan Ivory Wayans, Marlon Wayans, Shawn Wayans, performing artists, directors and producers
Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein, film producers
Andrew, Owen, and Luke Wilson, actors and sons of Laura Wilson
Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, and Carl Wilson, members of The Beach Boys
Marvin Winans, Carvin Winans, Michael Winans, and Ronald Winans, members of The Winans, singers and musicians
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright, known as the Wright brothers, pioneer aviators
Jack Jr., Kevin, David, Kerry, Mike, and Chris Von Erich, wrestlers and sons of Fritz Von Erich
Marshall and Ross Von Erich, wrestlers and sons of Kevin Von Erich
Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono and Edhie Baskoro Yudhoyono, politicians

Other works about brothers

In the Bible:
- Cain and Abel, the sons of Adam and Eve
- Jacob and Esau, the sons of Isaac and Rebecca
- Moses and Aaron, prophets
- Sts. Peter and Andrew, apostles
- Sts. James and John, apostles
- Sts. Thomas and his unnamed twin brother
Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story (2024), television series
My Brother, My Brother, and Me, podcast
Saving Private Ryan (1998), film
Simon & Simon, television series
Step Brothers (2008), film
Supernatural, American television series
The Brothers Karamazov, novel
The Darjeeling Limited (2007), film
The Iron Claw (2023), film
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005-2008), sitcom
The Suite Life on Deck (2008-2011), sitcom
The Suite Life Movie (2011), television film
The Wayans Bros., television series
Bonanza (1959–1973), television series
In the Ramayana:
- Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna
In the Mahabharata:
- The Pandavas – Yudhishthira, Arjuna, Bhima, Sahadeva and Nakula
- The Kauravas – One hundred brothers including Duryodhana, Dushasana and Vikarna, among others

References

^ "Definition of brother in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ Mufwene, Salikoko S. For example Beau is brother to Serge as they have the exact same mother and father."The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.
^ Walters, Elizabeth J. (1988). Attic Grave Reliefs that Represent Women in the Dress of Isis. ASCSA. p. 47. ISBN 9780876615225. From the stele of brothers Eukarpos and Philoxenos
^ Solmeyer, Anna; McHale, Susan; Crouter, Ann (February 2014). "Longitudinal Associations Between Sibling Relationship Qualities and Risky Behavior Across Adolescence". Developmental Psychology. 50: 600–610. doi:10.1037/a0033207. PMC 3797172. PMID 23772819.
^ Wednesday, 18 August 2010 Anna SallehABC (August 18, 2010). "Brothers 'delay' onset of sister's periods". www.abc.net.au.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Carter, Claire (September 5, 2013). "Having more older brothers increases likelihood of being gay" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ Bereczkei, Tamas, Petra Gyuris, and Glenn E. Weisfeld. "Sexual imprinting in human mate choice." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 271.1544 (2004): 1129–1134.
^ McCallum, Robyn. "Other selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996)
^ Aristotle, and W.D Ross. "The Internet Classics Archive | Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle." The Internet Classics Archive | Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle. Classics Archive, 2009.
^ Rogers Victor, Kelly. "Raising Ethical Kids with Insights from Plato and Aristotle." Smartparenting.com. SMRT, 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.