They were readmitted by Oliver Cromwell in 1655. By the 1800s, an increasing toleration of religious minorities gradually helped to eliminate legal restrictions on public employment and political representation. However, Jewish financiers were seen by some as holding disproportionate influence on British government policy, particularly concerning the British Empire and foreign affairs.
Significant Jewish migration from Eastern Europe in the years prior to World War I saw some antisemitic opposition, which would result in increasingly restrictive immigration laws. An emerging fascist movement in the 1930s, which launched antisemitic campaigns, was accompanied by a government policy of restricting the inflow of Jewish refugees from Nazi controlled territories. Notwithstanding sympathy for the Jews following the Holocaust, immigration controls to Mandatory Palestine were maintained, while Zionist attacks on British forces in Palestine caused some resentment and would trigger anti-Jewish riots in 1947.
In the second half of the 20th century, while the Jewish community became generally accepted, antisemitic sentiment persisted within British fascist and other far-right groups. In the 21st century, while the level of antisemitism is amongst the lowest in the world, there is a trend of increasing antisemitic expression from individuals, much of which is on social media and relates to Israel. Surveys show that antisemitic attitudes are more commonly attested to among British Muslims, while data on incidents continues to show the far right are the primary perpetrators of antisemitic attacks.
Jews living in England from around King Stephen's reign (reigned 1135–1154) experienced religious discrimination, while Jewish moneylending activity was strictly controlled and heavily taxed.[3] It is thought that the blood libel which accused Jews of ritual murder originated in England in the 12th century: examples include Harold of Gloucester, Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, Robert of Bury and William of Norwich. In 1181, the Assize of Arms forbade Jews from owning a hauberk or chain mail. The York Massacre of 1190, one of a series of massacres of Jews across England, resulted in an estimated 150 Jews taking their own lives or being immolated.[4] The earliest recorded images of antisemitism are found in the Royal tax records from 1233.[5]
In 1253, Henry III enacted the Statute of Jewry, placing a range of restrictions on Jews, including segregation and the wearing of a yellow badge. Its practical application is not recorded.[6] In 1264–7, the Second Barons' War included a further series of massacres of Jews, with the objective of destroying the records of debts held by moneylenders.[7][8] In 1275, Edward I enacted the similar Statute of the Jewry, which included the outlawing of usury.[9] The first dated portrait of an English Jew is the 1277 antisemitic caricature Aaron, Son of the Devil,[10] in which he wears the English yellow badge (two tablets) on his upper garments.[11] After being expelled from a number of towns during previous decades, this early Jewish presence in England ended with King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290.[12] Subsequently, converted Jews were allowed to live in the Domus Conversorum (house of the converted) with records up to at least 1551.
17th to 19th centuries: Readmittance and emancipation
Jews were readmitted to the United Kingdom by Oliver Cromwell in 1655, though it is believed that crypto-Jews lived in England prior to then.[3] Jews were subjected to discrimination and humiliation, which waxed and waned over the centuries, gradually decreasing as Jews made commercial, philanthropic and sporting contributions to the country.[3]
However, Jews were restricted by laws aimed primarily at Catholics and nonconformists, such as the Corporation Act 1661 and other Test Acts, which restricted public offices in England to members of the Church of England. The Jewish Naturalisation Act, which allowed Jews to become naturalised by application to Parliament, received royal assent on 7 July 1753 but was repealed in 1754 due to widespread opposition to its provisions.[13] For the purpose of Catholic emancipation, the test acts were repealed in 1828 but replaced by George IV with the Oath of Abjuration Act, which declared an oath of abjuration, containing the words "upon the faith of a Christian," to be necessary for all officers, civil or military, under the crown or in the universities, and for all lawyers, voters, and members of Parliament.[14]
Despite these restrictions, it has been suggested by William D. Rubinstein that antisemitism was lower in the United Kingdom than in a number of other European countries and that this was so for a number of reasons: Protestants shared with Jews an emphasis on the Old Testament, a self-perception as a chosen people with a direct covenant with God, and a distrust of Catholicism; with fewer Jews in the UK, Jews had a lesser commercial and financial role than in some other countries, reducing both real and perceived conflicts, and; Britain's early adoption of constitutional government with liberal principles acted to promote individual and civil liberties.[15]
In 1846, at the insistence of Irish leader Daniel O'Connell, the obsolete 1275 law, "De Judaismo", was repealed.[16] There continued to be opposition to emancipation from figures such as Thomas Carlyle who believed that all Jews should be expelled to Palestine, disliking what he perceived as Jews' materialism and archaic forms of religion.[17] In 1858, the Jews Relief Act 1858 removed the restriction of the oath of office for the Parliament to Christians, allowing Jews to become MPs. In 1871, the Universities Tests Act abolished the requirement for university staff and students to be adherents of the Church of England. In 1890, under the Religious Disabilities Removal Bill, all restrictions for every position in the British Empire were removed being thrown open to every British subject without distinction of creed, except for that of monarch and the offices of Lord High Chancellor and of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
1900s to 1920s: Finance and immigration
During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), some opposed to the war asserted that Jewish gold mining operators and financiers with their large stakes in South Africa were a driving force behind it, with Labour leader Keir Hardie asserting that Jews were part of a secretive "imperialist" cabal that promoted war.[18] The Independent Labour Party, Robert Blatchford's newspaper The Clarion, and the Trade Union Congress all blamed "Jewish capitalists" as "being behind the war and imperialism in general".[19]John Burns, a Liberal Party socialist, speaking in the House of Commons in 1900, asserted that the British Army itself had become "a janissary of the Jews".[20]Henry Hyndman also argued that "Jewish bankers" and "imperialist Judaism" were the cause of the conflict.[21]J. A. Hobson held similar views.[22][23][24] According to one historian, "The Jew baiting at the time of the Boer War and the Marconi scandal was linked to a broader protest, mounted in the main by the Radical wing of the Liberal Party, against the growing visibility of successful businessmen in national life and the challenges. What were seen as traditional English values."[25]
From 1882 to 1919, Jewish numbers in Britain increased fivefold, from 46,000 to 250,000, due to the exodus from Russian pogroms and discrimination, many of whom settled in the East End of London.[3][26] By the turn of the century, a popular and media backlash had begun.[27] The British Brothers' League was formed, with the support of prominent politicians, organising marches and petitions.[27] At rallies, its speakers said that Britain should not become "the dumping ground for the scum of Europe".[27] In 1905, an editorial in the Manchester Evening Chronicle[27] wrote "that the dirty, destitute, diseased, verminous and criminal foreigner who dumps himself on our soil and rates simultaneously, shall be forbidden to land". Antisemitism broke out into violence in South Wales in 1902 and 1903 where Jews were assaulted.[28] One of the main objectives of the Aliens Act in 1905 was to control such immigration.[27] Restrictions were increased in the Aliens Restriction Act 1914 and the immigration laws of 1919.[29]
In addition to anti-immigration campaigners, there were antisemitic groups, notably The Britons, launched in 1919,[30] which called for British Jews to be deported en masse to Palestine. In 1920, the Morning Post published over 17 or 18 articles a translation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which subsequently formed the basis of a book, The Cause of World Unrest, to which half the paper's staff contributed. Later exposed as a forgery, they were initially accepted, with a leader in The Times blaming Jews for World War I and the Bolshevik regime and calling them the greatest threat to the British Empire.[31]
Popular sentiment against immigration was used by the Imperial Fascist League and the British Union of Fascists to incite hatred against Jews in the 1930s. However, a planned fascist march through the east end of London, with its large Jewish population, had to be abandoned due to the Battle of Cable Street in 1936, where police trying to ensure the march could proceed failed to clear barricades erected and defended by unionised dock workers, socialists, anarchists, communists, Jews and other anti-fascists.[32][33] Other antisemitic organisations in the 1930s included the Militant Christian Patriots and the Right Club.
The Évian Conference in 1938, attended by 32 countries, failed to reach agreement on accepting Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. While Britain eventually accepted 70,000 up to the outbreak of World War II, in addition to the 10,000 children on the Kindertransport, there were, according to British Jewish associations, more than 500,000 case files of Jews who were not admitted. Louise London, author of Whitehall and the Jews, 1933–1948, stated that "The (British immigration) process...was designed to keep out large numbers of European Jews – perhaps 10 times as many as it let in."[34]
It was difficult for the refugees to find work, regardless of their education, except as domestics.[35] This also meant that Jewish refugees who were physicians could not practise medicine, even though there was a shortage of health care providers.[36] Some of the concern was economic. During a period of high unemployment, the British were concerned about losing job opportunities due to the influx of refugees.[34]
German Jewish refugees were discouraged from speaking German and encouraged to assimilate into the culture, which was often accomplished at the expense of their personal history and identity. A law was enacted in the 1930s to ensure that no more than 5% of the total students in a school were Jewish, limiting the rate at which Jewish children could be admitted to state schools. The press, which was generally not supportive of refugees, incorrectly reported that there were more Jews in Britain than had been in Germany in the summer of 1938.[34] Kushner and Katharine Knox state in their book Refugees in an Age of Genocide, "Of all the groups in the 20th century, refugees from Nazism are now widely and popularly perceived as 'genuine', but at the time German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews were treated with ambivalence and outright hostility as well as sympathy."[34]
World War II and its aftermath
When war was declared, Britain no longer allowed immigration from Nazi-controlled countries.[35] The Bermuda Conference of the Allies held in April 1943 held to consider the issue of European Jews, whether liberated or under Nazi rule,[37] by which time it was known that the Nazi regime intended to exterminate them where it could, did not result in agreement on practical steps, with the overriding focus remaining on winning the war.[38] Nevertheless, 10,000 Jews managed to find their way into Britain during the war.[35] Britain did not allow Jews to immigrate to Palestine, though some did so illegally.[37]
During the war, Ministry of Information intelligence reports found examples of prejudice against Jews, including refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe, in almost all parts of the country, with Jews being a "scapegoat as an outlet for emotional disturbances".[39]
Immediately following the war, a large number of refugees entered the UK, but few were Jewish Holocaust survivors as immigration policy barred Jews because it did not consider them easily assimilable. A cabinet minister argued in 1945 that "the admission of a further batch of refugees, many of whom would be Jews, might provoke strong reactions from certain sections of public opinion. There was a real risk of a wave of anti-semitic feeling in this country".[40] Nevertheless, in the aftermath of the Holocaust, undisguised, racial hatred of Jews became unacceptable in British society.[1]
Antisemitic attitudes in the UK are higher amongst those on the far-right, and religious Muslims. Contemporary antisemitism is also prevalent on the left.
Holocaust denial and antisemitic conspiracy theories remain core elements of far-right ideology.[48] A study into contemporary antisemitism in Britain by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research in September 2017 found that "The most antisemitic group on the political spectrum consists of those who identify as very right-wing: the presence of antisemitic attitudes in this group is 2 to 4 times higher compared to the general population."[50] The study stated that in "surveys of attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities... The most consistently found pattern across different surveys is heightened animosity towards Jews on the political right..."[51] The Community Security Trust in 2018 found that far-right motivation or beliefs accounted for nearly one third of the 16% of incidents reported to them as antisemitic and with an identifiable political or ideological motivation.[52] According to a European Union Fundamental Rights Agency survey in 2018, victims in the UK, in instances where they ascribed a political viewpoint, perceived 20% of the perpetrators of the most serious attack or threat they had experienced to be "someone with a right-wing political view".[53]
In 2016, research by the World Jewish Congress found that 90% of antisemitic posts on social media in the UK were made by white males under the age of 40 with affiliations to extreme right-wing groups.[54]
Some British Muslims, particularly Islamists, significantly contribute to antisemitism. The underlying roots are complex and include historic attitudes, domestic and political tensions, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and globalisation of the Middle East conflict.[55][56] According to Mehdi Hasan, "anti-Semitism isn't just tolerated in some sections of the British Muslim community; it's routine and commonplace".[57] A 2016 survey by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research found that the prevalence of antisemitic views among Muslims was two to four times higher than the rest of the population[58] and that there was a positive correlation between Muslim religiosity and antisemitism.[59] According to the Community Security Trust, in incidents where a physical description of the perpetrator was provided, 9% were described as being of Arab or North African appearance and a further 13% of south Asian appearance. However, very few incidents included Islamist expressions.[52] According to a European Union Fundamental Rights Agency survey in 2018, victims in the UK, in instances where they ascribed a political viewpoint, perceived 38% of the perpetrators of the most serious attack or threat they had experienced to be "someone with a Muslim extremist view".[60][53]
Contemporary antisemitism also manifests on the political left.[61][62]Anti-Zionism, principally, though not exclusively, from the left as well as from Muslims, has been associated with antisemitic attitudes and incidents. The Community Security Trust in 2018 found that references to Israel accounted for nearly two-thirds of the 16% of antisemitic incidents with an identifiable political or ideological motivation.[52] For some,[who?] contemporary anti-Zionism is itself a form of antisemitism.[citation needed] A study by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research in September 2017 found that "Levels of antisemitism among those on the left-wing of the political spectrum, including the far-left, are indistinguishable from those found in the general population. Yet, all parts of those on the left of the political spectrum exhibit higher levels of anti Israelism than average."[50] The report found that "...anti-Israel attitudes are not, as a general rule, antisemitic; but the stronger a person's anti-Israel views, the more likely they are to hold antisemitic attitudes. A majority of those who hold anti-Israel attitudes do not espouse any antisemitic attitudes, but a significant minority of those who hold anti-Israel attitudes hold them alongside antisemitic attitudes. Therefore, antisemitism and anti-Israel attitudes exist both separately and together."[63] The study stated that in "surveys of attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities...The political left, captured by voting intention or actual voting for Labour, appears in these surveys as a more Jewish-friendly, or neutral, segment of the population."[51] According to a European Union Fundamental Rights Agency survey in 2018, victims in the UK in instances where they ascribed a political viewpoint, perceived 43% of the perpetrators of the most serious attack or threat they had experienced to be "someone with a left-wing view".[60][53]
Incidents
The majority of reports of antisemitic incidents are from areas where most Jews live: Metropolitan London, Greater Manchester and Hertfordshire.[64] Over 2014–18, around one fifth of the reported incidents occurred on social media. The level typically rises following events related to Israel or the wider Middle East.[65] The Community Security Trust reported a large rise after the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict, 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis, and the ongoing Israel-Hamas war (2023-ongoing). Incidents connected to the conflict have included a convoy of cars with Palestinian flags driving through East Finchley, an area of London with a sizeable Jewish community, and the driver of one of the cars being recorded yelling "fuck their [Jews] mothers, rape their daughters".[66] The sharp rise in the number of reported incidents from 2016 onwards followed increased media coverage of antisemitism and may be an increase in actual incidents, or in reporting, or both. Around a quarter of reported incidents in 2018 took place on social media. The largest increases are in threats and abusive behaviour. The Trust believes that the total number of incidents is significantly higher than that reported.[67]
Annual Incidents Figures by Category 1997–2018[68][65][67]
Category
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Extreme violence
4
0
0
2
1
5
0
4
2
4
1
1
3
0
2
2
0
1
4
0
0
1
Assault
19
17
33
51
40
42
54
79
80
108
116
87
121
114
93
67
69
80
83
109
149
122
Damage & desecration
58
31
25
73
90
55
72
53
48
70
65
76
89
83
64
53
49
81
65
81
93
78
Threats
19
16
31
39
37
18
22
93
25
27
24
28
45
32
30
39
38
91
79
107
98
109
Abusive behaviour
86
136
127
196
122
216
211
272
273
365
336
317
609
391
412
467
374
899
717
1059
1065
1300
Literature
33
36
54
44
20
14
16
31
27
20
19
37
62
25
7
12
5
30
12
19
15
42
Total
219
236
270
405
310
350
375
532
455
594
561
546
931
646
609
650
535
1182
960
1375
1420
1652
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Total incidents by year
In 2017–18 the police in England and Wales (excluding Lancashire) recorded 1191 antisemitic hate crimes, which excludes some behaviours recorded by the CST. Taking the Metropolitan Police data alone, the number rose by 15% in the following year, from 519 to 597. Comparisons with the Crime Survey for England and Wales suggest that less than half of hate crime is reported to the police.[69]
A 2018 survey by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that about a quarter of Jews in the UK had felt offended or threatened over the last year, increasing to one third over the last five years.[70] In the same survey, 24% of British Jews had witnessed other Jews being verbally insulted or harassed and/or physically attacked in the past 12 months, of whom 18% were family members. Only about one fifth of incidents were reported.[71]
Attitudes
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Trends in Antisemitic Attitudes in United Kingdom.
Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country
Jews have too much power in the business world
Jews have too much power in international financial markets
Jews still talk too much about the Holocaust
Research published in June 2015 by the Pew Research Center showed that of, six countries participating, the population of the UK had almost the most favourable views of Jews. While 78% of these six European countries have a favourable opinion of Jewish people and 13% did not, 83% of the UK population hold positive views, and only 7% hold unfavourable opinions.[77]
In 2017 the Institute for Jewish Policy Research conducted what it called "the largest and most detailed survey of attitudes towards Jews and Israel ever conducted in Great Britain." The survey found that the levels of antisemitism in Great Britain were among the lowest in the world, with 2.4% expressing multiple antisemitic attitudes, and about 70% having a favourable opinion of Jews. However, only 17% had a favourable opinion of Israel, with 33% holding an unfavourable view.[78][79]
Age differences
Recent survey findings have suggested that certain attitudes which have been defined as antisemitic may be more common among younger generations in Britain than older ones. For instance, a poll conducted by the Campaign Against Antisemitism in 2023 indicated that, compared to the general population (one in twenty), double the proportion of 18-24 year olds in Britain (almost one in ten) do not believe that Jewish people are just as loyal to Britain as other British people.[80] A year prior, in 2022, a survey conducted by Hope Not Hate reportedly indicated that, while only 12% of Brits aged 75+ agreed Jews have an ‘unhealthy control over the world banking system’, 34% of 18-24 year olds agreed this was ‘probably’ or ‘definitely’ true.[81]
Discourse
Where a motivation was evident, incidents reported to the Community Security Trust split roughly between one third which are far-right and two-thirds which are anti-Israel. In other cases, the motivation is unclear because the perpetrator either did not communicate a clear rationale or used a combination of some or all of classic anti-semitic canards, Nazi references and anti-Israel expressions.[52] Some expressions criticising Israel are regarded by many as antisemitic. For some, criticism of Israel and anti-Zionism is itself a form of antisemitism.
Inquiries
In 2006, a group of British Members of Parliament held an inquiry into antisemitism at the time of the Second Intifada. Its report stated that "until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond [had been] that antisemitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society." It found a reversal of this progress since 2000. The inquiry was reconstituted following a surge in antisemitic incidents in Britain during the summer of 2014, at the time of the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict and published its report in 2015, making recommendations for reducing antisemitism.[82]
The 2016 Select Committee enquiry found that, although the threat that the far right posed to Jews had fallen, "Holocaust denial and Jewish conspiracy theories remain core elements of far-right ideology" and the British National Party (BNP) continues to stir up trouble and damages societal cohesion. The report also provided evidence of antisemitism in the Conservative Party, including an alleged "toxic environment" in the UCL Conservative Society.[85]
Allegations of antisemitism in the Labour Party have been, especially in the period after its members elected Jeremy Corbyn as leader in 2015. In 2016 Labour commissioned the Chakrabarti Inquiry, which found "no evidence" of systemic antisemitism in Labour, though there was an "occasionally toxic atmosphere".[88] The Select Committee in 2016 concluded that "...there exists no reliable, empirical evidence to support the notion that there is a higher prevalence of antisemitic attitudes within the Labour Party than any other political party". It also found that Jeremy Corbyn had shown a "lack of consistent leadership", which "has created what some have referred to as a 'safe space' for those with vile attitudes towards Jewish people" and that "The failure of the Labour Party to deal consistently and effectively with anti-Semitic incidents in recent years risks lending force to allegations that elements of the Labour movement are institutionally anti-Semitic."[85][89]
In April 2024, Mick Greenhough, who was set to stand as a parliamentary candidate for Reform UK in the constituency of Orpington, was sacked by the party when it emerged that he had tweeted in 2019, "Most Jews are reasonable people. Their problem is the Ashkenazi Jews who have caused the world massive misery."[99] Greenhough had also claimed that Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was "a Jew and closer to Cultural Marxism than Christianity. Is his aim to destroy Christianity?".[99]
A spokesman for Reform said that, while the party defended its "candidates' right to freedom of speech", they "act fast when we find that individuals' statements' fall beneath our standards."[100]
Responses
Government
The Home Office has provided 'The Jewish Community Protective Security Grant' for the security of synagogues, schools and other Jewish centres, with the Community Security Trust as the Grant Recipient. It was introduced in 2015 and Home Secretary, Sajid Javid pledged to increase funding, bringing the total amount allocated from 2015 to 2019 to £65.2 million.[101][102]
The Holocaust is the only compulsory subject in the national history curriculum in secondary schools.[103] The Department for Education provides significant funding to the Holocaust Educational Trust, including programmes for schools and universities. The Government also funds the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust.
The Heritage Lottery Fund in 2018 and 2019 provided significant funding for conservation and a religious, educational and cultural centre for Bevis Marks Synagogue,[104] to open Willesden Jewish Cemetery as a place of heritage for the public,[105] to open a Holocaust Education and Learning Centre in Huddersfield[106] and to refresh and expand the Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre in Nottinghamshire.[107] In August 2019, the Imperial War Museum announced plans to spend over £30m on a new set of galleries over two floors at its London site covering the Holocaust and its importance in World War II. The galleries are set to open in 2021 and will replace the existing permanent Holocaust exhibition.[108] The government is contributing £75m to the planned UK Holocaust Memorial.
The government is funding the anti-prejudice charities, the Anne Frank Trust and Kick it Out[69] and has provided significant funding via the Office for Students to tackle religious-based hate crime in higher education.[109] In September 2019, the government announced a grant of £100,000 to the Antisemitism Policy Trust to produce videos to combat antisemitism online.[110]
In September 2019, Robert Jenrick, the newly appointed Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government said "I will use my position as Secretary of State to write to all universities and local authorities to insist that they adopt the IHRAdefinition at the earliest opportunity...and use it when considering matters such as disciplinary procedures. Failure to act in this regard is unacceptable."[111]
Migration
According to surveys conducted by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, the proportion of British Jews who had contemplated emigration due to antisemitism at some point in the previous five years was 18% in 2012, and 29% five years later in 2017. In the latter survey, three-quarters of those who had contemplated leaving said that they were considering moving to Israel. However, emigration to Israel fell by 11% between the two five-year periods and was much lower than the contemplated level, at 2899 people in total during 2008–2012 and 2579 in total during 2013–2017, or about 1% of the community during each five-year period.[112]
In December 2023, poll data collected by the Campaign Against Antisemitism indicates that nearly half of a "self-selecting" sample[113] of British Jews have considered leaving the UK in response to increased antisemitism following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel.[114]
^Prestwich, Michael. Edward I p 345 (1997) Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-07157-4.
^Jacobs, Joseph; Wolf, Lucien (20 September 2012). Catalogue of the Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition, Royal Albert Hall, London, 1887. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN978-1-108-05504-8.
^Jacobs, Joseph. "AARON, SON OF THE DEVIL". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
^Cumming, Mark (2004). The Carlyle Encyclopedia. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 252. ISBN978-1611471724. a Jew is bad but what is a Sham-Jew, a Quack-Jew? And how can a real Jew ... try to be Senator, or even Citizen of any Country, except his own wretched Palestine, whither all his thoughts and steps and efforts tend,-where, in the Devil's name, let him arrive as soon as possible, and make us quit of him!
^Mcgeever, Brendan, and Satnam Virdee. "Antisemitism and Socialist Strategy in Europe, 1880–1917: An Introduction." Patterns of Prejudice 51.3–4 (2017): 229
^Doctrines Of Development, M. P. Cowen, Routledge, page 259, quote:"Rampant anti-Semitism should be recognized, not least because it is John A. Hobson, one of the most rabid anti-Semites of the period, who is the inspiration, alongside Schumpeter and Veblen, for...
^The Information Nexus: Global Capitalism from the Renaissance to the Present, Cambridge University Press, Steven G. Marks, page 10, quote: "And in England, the Social Democratic Federation newspaper Justice state that "the Jew financier" was the "personification of international capitalism" – an opinion repeated in the anti-Semitic diatribes of John A. Hobson, the socialist writer who wrote one of the earliest English books with "capitalism" in the title and helped to familiarize Britons with the concept"
^Hillman, N. (2001). "Tell me chum, in case I got it wrong. What was it we were fighting during the war? The Re-emergence of British Fascism, 1945-58". Contemporary British History. 15 (4): 1–34. doi:10.1080/713999428. S2CID143994809.
^Gunther, Jikeli. "Antisemitism Among Young Muslims in London"(PDF). International Study Group Education and Research on Antisemitism Colloquium I: Aspects of Antisemitism in the UK. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
^Giordano, Chiara (3 February 2020). "John Bercow says he was subject to antisemitic abuse from Conservatives". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2020. I remember a member saying, 'If I had my way, Berkoff, people like you wouldn't be allowed in this place.' And I said, 'Sorry, when you say people like me, do you mean lower-class or Jewish?' To which he replied, 'Both.'
Filby, Liza (2005). "Religion and Belief". In Thane, Pat (ed.). Unequal Britain: Equalities in Britain Since 1945. Bloomsbury. p. 56. ISBN978-1847062987.
Goodwin, Matthew (2011). New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party. Routledge. ISBN978-0415465014.
Stacey, Robert C. (2003). "The English Jews Under Henry III: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). Jews in Medieval Britain. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 41–54. ISBN978-1-84383-733-6.
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جامعة روهامبتون معلومات التأسيس 1975 الموقع الجغرافي إحداثيات 51°27′24″N 0°14′35″W / 51.4566°N 0.2431°W / 51.4566; -0.2431 [1] المدينة لندن الرمز البريدي SW15 5PJ البلد المملكة المتحدة إحصاءات عضوية أورسيد [لغات أخرى] (أكتوبر 2023)[2][3]رابطة الجامع
2004 box set by Bon Jovi100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be WrongBox set by Bon JoviReleasedNovember 16, 2004Recorded1985–2003Length3:43:26LabelIslandProducer Patrick Leonard Andy Johns Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Obie O'Brien Bon Jovi chronology This Left Feels Right(2003) 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong(2004) Have a Nice Day(2005) Singles from 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong The Radio Saved My Life TonightReleased: 2004 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAl…
Hero HindustaniSutradara Aziz Sejawal ProduserDitulis olehKader Khan (Dialog)SkenarioYunus SajawalCeritaYunus SajawalPemeranArshad WarsiNamrata ShirodkarKader KhanPenata musikAnu MalikSinematograferNazeeb KhanPenyuntingWaman BhosleTanggal rilis 23 Oktober 1998 (1998-10-23) NegaraBahasa Hindi Urdu Hero Hindustani adalah sebuah film India 1998 yang disutradarai oleh Aziz Sejawal. Film tersebut dibintangi oleh Arshad Warsi dan Namrata Shirodkar. Pemeran Arshad Warsi sebagai Rommie Namrat…
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki wiki. Number of resolutions vetoed by each of the five permanent members of the Security Council from 1946 until present[1] v • t • e This is a list of United Nations Security Council Resolutions that hav…
Ballet by Darius Milhaud La Création du mondeThe Creation of the WorldDarius Milhaud in 1923.ChoreographerJean BörlinMusicDarius MilhaudBased onAfrican folk mythologyPremiere25 October 1923 (1923-10-25)Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, ParisOriginal ballet companyBallets suédois La Création du monde, Op. 81a, is a 15-minute-long ballet composed by Darius Milhaud in 1922–23 to a libretto by Blaise Cendrars, which outlines the creation of the world based on African folk mytholog…
Barbastella leucomelas Estado de conservação Pouco preocupante (IUCN 3.1) Classificação científica Reino: Animalia Filo: Chordata Classe: Mammalia Ordem: Chiroptera Família: Vespertilionidae Subfamília: Vespertilioninae Tribo: Plecotini Género: Barbastella Espécie: B. leucomelas Nome binomial Barbastella leucomelas(Cretzschmar, 1826) Barbastella leucomelas é uma espécie de morcego da família Vespertilionidae. Pode ser encontrada na Ásia, com populações isoladas no Egito, Eritreia …
Spanish footballer (born 1992) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Morata and the second or maternal family name is Martín. Álvaro Morata Morata playing for Juventus in 2021Personal informationFull name Álvaro Borja Morata Martín[1]Date of birth (1992-10-23) 23 October 1992 (age 31)[2]Place of birth Madrid, SpainHeight 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)[3]Position(s) StrikerTeam informationCurrent team Atlético MadridNumber 19Youth care…
Play by Almeida Garrett This article is about the play by Almeida Garrett. For the eponymous writer, see Luís de Sousa (writer). Frei Luís de SousaDramatis personæ on the first published edition of Frei Luís de Sousa, 1844CharactersManuel de Sousa CoutinhoMadalena de VilhenaMaria de NoronhaFrei Jorge CoutinhoThe PilgrimTelmo PaisThe Prior of BenficaLay BrotherMirandaThe Archbishop of LisbonDoroteiaDate premiered4 July 1843 (1843-07-04)Place premieredLisbon, PortugalOriginal la…
UFC mixed martial arts event in 1997 UFC 12: Judgement DayThe poster for UFC 12: Judgement DayInformationPromotionUltimate Fighting ChampionshipDateFebruary 7, 1997VenueDothan Civic CenterCityDothan, AlabamaAttendance3,100Buyrate122,000Event chronology Ultimate Ultimate 1996 UFC 12: Judgement Day UFC 13: Ultimate Force UFC 12: Judgement Day was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on February 7, 1997 at the Dothan Civic Center in Dothan, Alabama.[1] The e…
Depuis la construction du Public Utility Building en 1973, plusieurs dizaines de gratte-ciel (immeuble d'au moins 100 mètres de hauteur) ont été construits à Bangalore (Bengaluru). La plupart abritent des logements. Bangalore est l'une des agglomérations indienne avec Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta qui comprend le plus de gratte-ciel. UB Tower Prestige Kingfisher Tower Prestige Trade Tower Concorde Tower Salarpuria Gold Summit A Aquila Heights Gratte-ciel construits Classement actualisé en septem…
Tempat kelahiran di Zhuangologi:Universitas Normal Guangxi Studi Zhuang atau Zhuangologi (dalam bahasa Zhuang: Cang’yoz ; Hanzi sederhana: 壮学; Hanzi tradisional: 壯學; Pinyin: Zhuàngxué) adalah sebuah cabang ilmu pengetahuan atau disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari tentang Zhuang. Biasanya disebut Zhuangologi di Eropa, dikenal sebagai Studi Zhuang di Amerika Serikat.[1] Menguraikan Bapak di Zhuangologi: Huang Xianfan Bidang-bidang yang dikaji dalam Studi dari Zhuang…
FrattamaggioreKomuneComune di FrattamaggioreNegara ItaliaWilayahCampaniaProvinsiNaples (NA)Luas • Total5,32 km2 (205 sq mi)Ketinggian44 m (144 ft)Populasi (31 Desember 2004) • Total31.831 • Kepadatan60/km2 (150/sq mi)DemonimFrattesiZona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos80027Kode area telepon081Santo/a PelindungSt. Sosius the Levite & Martyr- Hari23 SeptemberSitus webSitus web resmi …
11°45′10″N 78°00′41″E / 11.7527667°N 78.0113963°E / 11.7527667; 78.0113963 Omalur taluk is a taluk of Salem district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Omalur. Demographics According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Omalur had a population of 494,861 with 259,550 males and 235,311 females. There were 907 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 60.1%. Child population in the age group below 6 was 2…