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Annette Kellerman
Annette Kellerman
	Kellermann in her famous one-piece bathing suit, c. 1906
Born	Annette Marie Sarah Kellermann; 6 July 1886; Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia
Died	6 November 1975 (aged 89); Southport, Queensland, Australia
Resting place	Great Barrier Reef
Nationality	Australian
Occupation(s)	Swimmer, actress, writer
Known for	Swimmer, actress, writer, Inventor of Synchronised Swimming, Pioneer of women's swimwear
Spouse	James Raymond Louis Sullivan (m. 1912⁠–⁠1972)
Parent(s)	Alice Charbonnet-Kellermann; Frederick William Kellermann

Annette Marie Sarah Kellermann (6 July 1886 – 6 November 1975)^[1] was an Australian professional swimmer, vaudeville star, film actress, and writer, usually spelt with a single final n as Annette Kellerman.

Kellermann was one of the first women to wear a one-piece bathing costume, instead of the then-accepted pantaloons, and inspired others to follow her example. Kellerman's swimming costumes became so popular that she started her own fashion line of one-piece bathing suits. Kellermann helped popularize the sport of synchronised swimming, and authored a swimming manual. She appeared in several movies, usually with aquatic themes, and as the star of the 1916 film A Daughter of the Gods was the first major actress to appear nude in a Hollywood production. Kellermann was an advocate of health, fitness, and natural beauty throughout her life.

Early life

Annette Kellermann was born in Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia, on 6 July 1886,^[1] to Australian-born violinist Frederick William Kellermann, and his French wife, Alice Ellen Charbonnet, a pianist and music teacher.^[1]

At the age of six, a weakness in Kellermann's legs necessitated the wearing of steel braces to strengthen them. To further overcome her disability, her parents enrolled her in swimming classes at Cavill's Baths, a tidal swimming pool in the North Sydney suburb of Lavender Bay. By the age of 13, her legs were practically normal, and by 15, she had mastered all the swimming strokes and won her first race. At this time she was also giving diving displays.^[1]

Swimming career

In 1902, Kellermann won the ladies' 100 yards and mile championships of New South Wales in the record times of 1 minute, 22 seconds and 33 minutes, 49 seconds respectively. In that same year, her parents decided to move to Melbourne, Victoria, and she was enrolled at Mentone Girls' Grammar School, where her mother had accepted a music teaching position.^[1]

During her time at school, Kellermann gave exhibitions of swimming and diving at the main Melbourne baths, performed a mermaid act at Princes Court entertainment centre, and did two shows a day swimming with fish in a glass tank at the Exhibition Aquarium. In June and July 1903, she performed sensational high dives in the Coogee scene of Bland Holt's spectacular, The Breaking of the Drought, at the Melbourne Theatre Royal.^[1]

Kellermann and Beatrice Kerr, who was billed as "Australia's Champion Lady Swimmer and Diver", were rivals, although Kerr's public challenges to Kellermann to meet in a competitive race went unanswered.^[2]

On 24 August 1905, aged 19, Kellermann was one of the first women to attempt to swim across the English Channel.^[3] A dover ship pilot said Kellermann was not permitted to swim any further on her attempts, despite his opinion being that she could have kept going for much longer.^[4] After three unsuccessful swims she declared, "I had the endurance but not the brute strength." The first woman to attempt a Channel crossing had been Austrian Baroness Walburga von Isacescu, in September 1900.^[3] She had made a previous effort the month before alongside Ted Heaton, but had to leave the water several miles out in the channel due to sea-sickness.^[5] Kellermann later challenged and defeated von Isacescu in a Danube race.^[6]

While in London a short was filmed of her performances and shown back in Australian venues.^[7]

In 1911, she appeared on Broadway in the title role of "Undine", an aquacade specialty conceived by composer Manuel Klein and performed in repertory with the popular musical Vera Violetta that featured Al Jolson.^[8]

Kellermann performed a water ballet in a glass tank at the New York Hippodrome in 1917.^[9]

Swimwear line

Kellermann advocated for the right of women to wear a one-piece bathing suit, which was controversial at the time.^[10] According to an Australian magazine, "In the early 1900s, women were expected to wear cumbersome dress and pantaloon combinations when swimming." Although Kellermann later claimed to have been arrested at Revere Beach for public indecency while wearing one of her suits, there are no contemporary police records or news stories corroborating this, and she appears to have invented the incident.^[11]

The popularity of her one-piece suits resulted in her own line of women's swimwear. The "Annette Kellermans", as they were known, were the first step towards modern women's swimwear.

Film career

Kellermann and Hugh Thompson in *Queen of the Sea*

In 1916, Kellermann became the first major actress to perform in a nude scene when she appeared fully nude in A Daughter of the Gods.^[12]^[13] Made by Fox Film Corporation, A Daughter of the Gods was the first million-dollar film production. Like many of Kellermann's other films, this is now considered a lost film, as no copies are known to exist.

The majority of Kellermann's films had themes of aquatic adventure. She performed her own stunts including diving from 92 feet (28 m) into the sea and 60 feet (18 m) into a pool of crocodiles. Many times she would play mermaids named Annette or variations of her own name. Her "fairy tale films", as she called them, started with The Mermaid (1911), in which she was the first actress to wear a swimmable mermaid costume on film, paving the way for future screen sirens such as Glynis Johns (Miranda), Esther Williams, Ann Blyth (Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid) and Daryl Hannah (Splash). Kellermann designed her own mermaid swimming costumes and sometimes made them herself. Similar designs are still used by the Weeki Wachee Springs Mermaids, including her aquatic fairy costume first introduced in Queen of the Sea (1918, another lost film).

Kellermann appeared in one of the last films made in Prizma Color, Venus of the South Seas (1924), a US/New Zealand co-production where one reel of the 55-minute film was in colour and underwater. Venus of the South Seas was restored by the Library of Congress in 2004 and is the only feature film starring Kellermann known to exist in its complete form.

Publications

In addition to her film and stage career, Kellermann wrote several books including How to Swim (1918), Physical Beauty: How to Keep It (1919), a book of children's stories titled Fairy Tales of the South Seas (1926), and My Story, an unpublished autobiography. She also wrote numerous mail order booklets on health, beauty, and fitness called The Body Beautiful.^[14]

Personal life

Kellermann married her American-born manager, James Sullivan, on or around 26 November 1912 at Danbury, Connecticut.^[1]

A life-long vegetarian, Kellermann owned a health food store in Long Beach, California, later in life.^[1] She remained active well into old age, continuing to swim and exercise until a short time before her death. She and her husband returned to live in Australia in 1970, and in 1974, she was honoured by the International Swimming Hall of Fame at Fort Lauderdale, Florida.^[1]

Kellermann outlived her husband and died in the hospital at Southport, Queensland, Australia, on 6 November 1975,^[15] aged 89. She was cremated with Roman Catholic rites. Her remains were scattered in the Great Barrier Reef. She had no children.^[1]

Legacy

In 1908, after a study of 3,000 women, Dudley A. Sargent of Harvard University dubbed Kellerman the "Perfect Woman" because of the similarity of her physical attributes to the Venus de Milo.^[16] During her Fox film series, she was often billed as 'Australia's Perfect Woman.'^[17]

Kellermann's large collection of costumes and theatrical memorabilia was bequeathed to the Sydney Opera House.^[1] Today, many of her original costumes and personal items are held by the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia.^[18]

The Mitchell collection, State Library of New South Wales holds Kellerman's archive of personal papers.^[19]

Kellerman was portrayed by Esther Williams in the film Million Dollar Mermaid (1952), and her name is on a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, on Hollywood Boulevard. An award-winning Australian documentary called The Original Mermaid, which was about Kellermann, was produced in 2002.

A swimming complex in Marrickville which opened December 2010 was named after her.^[20]

The streets in the suburb of Holt in the Australian capital Canberra are all named after Australian sportspeople, and Kellermann Close was named for her.

In 2016, X Swimwear, a made-to-measure swimwear line, launched a custom swimsuit called "The Kellerman" after her.^[21]

The American thoroughbred mare Annette K. (foaled in 1921 out of the mare Bathing Girl) was named after her. Annette K. became the grandam of U.S. Triple Crown winner War Admiral.^[22]^[23]

Filmography

The Bride of Lammermoor: A Tragedy of Bonnie Scotland (1909, Short)
Jephtah's Daughter: A Biblical Tragedy (1909, Short) - Jepthah's Daughter
The Gift of Youth (1909, Short)
Entombed Alive (1909, Short)
The Mermaid (1911, Short) - Mermaid
Siren of the Sea (1911, Short) - Siren of the Sea
Neptune's Daughter (1914) - Annette, Neptune's daughter
A Daughter of the Gods (1916) - Anitia - Daughter of the Gods
National Red Cross Pageant (1917) - The Mediterranean - Italian episode
Queen of the Sea (1918) - Merrilla, Queen of the Sea
What Women Love (1920) - Annabel Cotton
Venus of the South Seas (1924) - Shona Royale (final film role)

As herself

Miss Kellerman's Diving Feats (1907, Documentary short)
Miss Annette Kellerman (1909, Documentary short)
The Perfectly Formed Woman (1910, Short)
The Universal Boy (1914)
The Art of Diving (1920, Documentary short)
Annette Kellermann Performing Water Ballet (1925, Documentary short)
Annette Kellermann Returns to Australia (1933, Documentary short)
Water Ballet: Sydney (1940, Short)
Water Ballet (1941, Short)

Archival footage

The Love Goddesses (1965)
The Original Mermaid (2002)

Annette Kellerman in a clip from the 1924 film Venus of the South Seas

Works

How to Swim^[24]
Physical Beauty, How to Keep It^[25]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Walsh, G. P (1983). "Annette Marie Kellermann (1886–1975)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 9. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
^ Nelson, Judy (2005). "Kerr, Beatrice Maude (1887–1971)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, Supplementary Volume; Kerr, Beatrice Maude (1887–1971). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b Bohn, Michael (2009). Heroes & Ballyhoo: How the Golden Age of the 1920s Transformed American Sports. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 9781597976091. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
^ "The Channel Swim". Poverty Bay Herald. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 12581. 11 October 1911. p. 8. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
^ "Cross-channel swim - Double attempt ends in failure". The Newcastle Daily Chronicle. 27 July 1905. p. 7.
^ "Great Swim in the Danube". The Week (Friday 22 June 1906). 22 June 1906. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ Reade, Eric (1970). Australian Silent Films, A Pictorial History 1896-1929, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, p. 28.
^ Kellermann; "Undine" entries, IBDB.com
^ "Kellermann for Hippodrome". The New York Times. 3 January 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
^ Reader's Digest Services, "Record-breaking swimmers", Australia's Yesterdays: a Look at Our Recent Past, 2nd edition, 1974 p. 193
^ Wilk, Stephen R. Lost Wonderland the brief and brilliant life of Boston's million dollar amusement park. Amherst. ISBN 978-1-61376-803-7. OCLC 1227994036.
^ Vagg, Stephen (12 July 2019). "Good Sports: Australian Athletes Who Act". Filmink.
^ Robertson, James Crighton (1993). The Hidden Cinema: British Film Censorship in Action, 1913–1975. Routledge. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-415-09034-2.
^ "National Film and Sound Archive of Australia". 17 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ https://www.newspapers.com/image/626849407/?match=1&terms=Annette%20Kellerman%20James%20Sullivan ^{[bare URL]}
^ "Modern Woman Getting Nearer The Perfect Figure – Dr. Dudley Sargent of..." Archived 15 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine; 4 December 1910; Text: subject of an article on health refers to Kellermann's body as "... the most ideal figure"; Sunday Magazine; accessed November 2015
^ Reade, p.94.
^ Annette Kellermann Costume Collection Archived 21 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; collection; Powerhouse Museum online; retrieved January 2020
^ "Annette Kellermann - papers, c.1870-1975". Manuscripts Oral History and Pictures Catalogue, State Library of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
^ "Annette Kellerman Aquatic Leisure Centre". Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ The Kellerman One Piece Archived 2 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, X Swimwear
^ "Annette K Horse Pedigree".
^ "War Admiral Horse Pedigree".
^ How to Swim; Kellermann, Annette; Library of Congress; New York : George H. Doran Company, [1918]; Electronic copy from HathiTrust: Electronic copy; LCCN: 18026477; OCoLC: 2462576; ©1918; accessed 29-01-2021
^ Physical Beauty, How to Keep It; Kellermann, Annette; Library of Congress; New York : George H. Doran Company, [1918]; LCCN: 08012247; LC: RA778 .K38; ©1918; Accessed 29-01-2021