Born in Mill Spring, Missouri, Macfadden changed his first and last names to give them a greater appearance of strength.[2] He thought "Bernarr" sounded like the roar of a lion, and that "Macfadden" was a more masculine spelling of his last name.
As a young child, Macfadden was weak and sickly. After being orphaned by the time he was 11, he was placed with a farmer and began working on the farm. The hard work and wholesome food on the farm turned him into a strong and fit boy. When he was 13, however, he moved to St. Louis and took a desk job. Quickly his health reverted again and by 16 he described himself as a "physical wreck". He started exercising again with dumbbells, walking up to six miles a day with a lead weight in his clothes, and he became a vegetarian. He quickly regained his previous health.[3][4]
Publishing and writings
In 1899, Macfadden founded Physical Culture (1899–1951?),[5][6][7] an American magazine on bodybuilding, health, and fitness,[8] and was editor up to the August 1912 issue.[9][10]
Ghost Stories was a nod in the direction of the rapidly growing field of pulp magazines, though it was a large-size magazine that preserved Macfadden's confessional style for most of its stories.[12] In 1928, Macfadden made more overt moves into the pulps with, for example, Red Blooded Stories (1928–29), Flying Stories (1928–29), and Tales of Danger and Daring (1929). These were all unsuccessful. In 1929, Macfadden underwrote Harold Hersey's pulp chain, the Good Story Magazine Company. Macfadden titles like Ghost Stories and Flying Stories continued as Good Story publications. Other intended Macfadden pulps, like Thrills of the Jungle (1929) and Love and War Stories (1930), originated as Good Story magazines. In 1931, Macfadden purchased the assets of the Mackinnon-Fly magazine publishers, which gave him the pioneering sci-fi pulp Amazing Stories, and several other titles; they were published under the Teck Publications imprint. This apparently made Good Story expendable and financial support was withdrawn almost immediately. The Teck titles lasted under Macfadden control until being sold in the late '30s, after which Macfadden was absent from the pulp field.
Macfadden also contributed to many articles and books including The Virile Powers of Superb Manhood (1900), MacFadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture (1911–1912), Fasting for Health (1923), and The Milk Diet (1923).
Macfadden popularized the practice of fasting that previously had been associated with illnesses such as anorexia nervosa.[13] He felt strongly that fasting was one of the surest ways to physical health. Many of his subjects would fast for a week to rejuvenate their body. He claimed that through fasting "a person could exercise unqualified control over virtually all types of disease while revealing a degree of strength and stamina such as would put others to shame". He saw fasting as an instrument with which to prove a man's superiority over other men.
Macfadden had photographs of himself taken before and after fasts to demonstrate their positive effects on the body. For example, one photograph showed Macfadden lifting a 100-pound dumbbell over his head immediately after a seven-day fast. Macfadden acknowledged the difficulties of fasting and did not support it as an ascetic practice, but rather because he believed its ultimate benefits outweighed its costs.[13]
He was particularly opposed to the consumption of white bread, which he called the "staff of death".[14]
Macfadden established many "healthatoriums" in the eastern and midwestern states. These institutions offered educational programs, such as "The Physical Culture Training School". Although he gained his reputation for physical culture and fitness, he gained much notoriety for his views on sexual behavior. He viewed intercourse as a healthy activity and not solely a procreative one; this was a different attitude than most physicians had at the time. He also attempted to found a "Physical Culture City" in Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey, which folded after a few years and became the vacation-cabin neighborhood, and, later, suburban development of Outcalt.
Nicknamed "Body Love Macfadden" by Time – a moniker he detested – he was branded a "kook" and a charlatan by many, arrested on obscenity charges[why?], and denounced by the medical establishment. Throughout his life, he campaigned tirelessly against "pill-pushers", processed foods, and prudery.
Macfadden made an unsuccessful attempt to found a religion, "cosmotarianism", based on physical culture.[15] He claimed that his regimen would enable him to reach the age of 150.
c. 1905
In 1923
Other enterprises
Macfadden skydiving in 1951
At the peak of his career, Macfadden owned several hotels and a major building in Dansville, New York. He also opened a restaurant in New York City in 1902 called Physical Culture, which was one of the city's first vegetarian venues. Physical Culture vegetarian restaurants were established in other cities such as Philadelphia and Chicago. By 1911, there were twenty such restaurants. Macfadden was a proponent of raw foodism and a follower of Sylvester Graham's philosophies.[16]
His Macfadden Foundation established two boarding schools for young boys and girls in Westchester County, New York: the Macfadden School in Briarcliff Manor (Scarborough), originally for ages 4 – 12,[17] and the Tarrytown School in Tarrytown. On March 7, 1943, the advertisement in The New York Times Magazine for the Tarrytown School read: "To Meet the Needs of a Nation at War". The boys at the Tarrytown School wore uniforms and were subject to military-type discipline and corporal punishment. The Macfadden School operated from 1936[18] to 1950,[19][20][21] and the Tarrytown School operated from 1943 to 1954.[22][23]
Page from Tarrytown School Brochure
Boys in dress uniform, 1948 or 1949, Macfadden's Tarrytown School
Graduation exercises, June 1953, Macfadden's Tarrytown School
The Macfadden Foundation also operated Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee.[24] The foundation began in 1931 when he gave $50 million to it.[25][26]
Personal life
Macfadden in 1948
Macfadden was married four times and had eight children. His son Jack appeared on Groucho Marx's show You Bet Your Life (December 31, 1953) and talked about his father, who was then 84 years old.
He met his third wife, Mary Williamson Macfadden, in England when she won a contest "for the most perfect specimen of England womanhood," sponsored by Macfadden; she was a champion British swimmer.[27][28][29] The couple had eight children: Helen, Byrne, Byrnece, Beulah, Beverly, Brewster, Berwyn, and Braunda.[29] Bernarr and Mary separated in 1932, and they divorced in 1946.[29]
Two of Macfadden's children[which?] died for lack of medical care, as Macfadden viewed all doctors as quacks.[32] When one of his daughters died of a heart condition, he remarked, "It's better she's gone; she only would have disgraced me."[33]
Death and legacy
Macfadden died in 1955 after refusing medical treatment for a digestive disorder.[1] He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.[34] Upon his death, Edward Longstreet Bodin became the president of the Bernarr Macfadden Foundation.
Critical reception
Macfadden has drawn criticism for suggesting in his books that readers not consult any professional physician. Macfadden supported unorthodox ideas that are widely derided as quackery, such as grape therapy supposedly healing cancer.[35][36]
Morris Fishbein wrote that "In his campaign, Bernarr Macfadden aligned himself with the border-line cultists that oppose scientific medicine and devote themselves to the promotion of some single conception of disease causation, prevention, and treatment."[37]
Some of Macfadden's publications also drew criticism for their erotic and sexual content.[38] He was targeted by the Society for the Suppression of Vice for producing "pornographic" posters to promote one of his Physical Culture Exhibitions.[39]
Macfadden's legacy after his death has largely been tarnished by details[clarification needed] of his private life. James Whorton, PhD, notes that the glamorous and eccentric character of Macfadden's life has led to a predilection for "the amusing tale or shocking incident" in describing it. Whorton argued that this distracts from Macfadden's real beliefs and significance, causing research to be directed "to the outer person, to actions rather than motives."[40]
Partial bibliography
Macfadden wrote over 100 books. This is a partial list of titles:
^"Collection: Physical Culture magazine". Archives and Special Collections. Ball State University. Retrieved August 17, 2023. The collection includes 97 issues of Physical Culture magazine dated between February 1910 and August-September 1951.
^Burstyn, Joan N. (1996). "Biographies: 1866–1920, Macfadden". Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women. Syracuse University Press. pp. 167–168. ISBN978-0-8156-0418-1.
^Fishbein, Morris (1925). The Medical Follies: An Analysis of the Foibles of Some Healing Cults. Boni & Liveright. p. 175.
^Hunt, William R. (1989). Body Love: The Amazing Career of Bernarr Macfadden. Bowling Green State University Press. p. 106. ISBN0-87972-463-3.
^Todd, Jan (1987). "Bernarr Macfadden: Reformer of Feminine Form". Journal of Sport History. 14 (1): 61–75. PMID11617513.
^Whorton, James (1991). "Weakness is a Crime: The Life of Bernarr Macfadden". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 65 (4): 599–600.
Further reading
Adams, Mark. Mr. America: How Muscular Millionaire Bernarr Macfadden Transformed the Nation Through Sex, Salad, and the Ultimate Starvation Diet. NY: HarperCollins, 2009.
Deutsch, Ronald M. The Nuts Among the Berries. New York: Ballantine Books, rev. ed. 1967.
Ernst, Robert. Weakness Is a Crime: The Life of Bernarr Macfadden. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991.
Fishbein, Morris. The Medical Follies: An Analysis of the Foibles of Some Healing Cults, including Osteopathy, Homeopathy, Chiropractic, and the Electronic Reactions of Abrams, with Essays on the Anti-Vivisectionists, Health Legislation, Physical Culture, Birth Control, and Rejuvenation. NY: Boni & Liveright, 1925.
