Alexander von Krobatin

Alexander von Krobatin
Alexander von Krobatin
	Krobatin in 1914
Born	12 September 1849; Olomouc, Moravia, Austrian Empire
Died	28 September 1933 (aged 84); Vienna, Austria
Allegiance	Austrian Empire ; Austria-Hungary
Service/branch	Army
Years of service	1861 – 1918
Rank	Field Marshal
Unit	Tenth Army
Commands held	Tenth Army ; Eleventh Army ; Tyrol Front
Battles/wars	Caporetto; Vittorio Veneto ; Piave Offensive
Other work	Imperial and Royal Technical Military Academy instructor

Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin (12 September 1849 – 28 September 1933) was an Austrian field marshal and Imperial and Royal Minister of War for Austria-Hungary between 1912 and 1917 — for most of World War I.^[1]

Early life and education

Born in Olmütz (Olomouc),^[2] Moravia, Krobatin entered the Austro-Hungarian Army as a cadet in 1861 and moved on to attend the Artillery Academy in 1865, from which he graduated in 1869 as a Leutnant. He undertook the upper course of artillery from 1871 to 1873, at the end of which he entered service in the Military Committee with the rank of Oberleutnant. Between 1874 and 1876 he studied and attended lectures on chemistry and chemical engineering at the Technical University of Vienna, becoming head of the chemistry laboratory at the Military Technical Committee in 1877. He served as a chemistry and chemical engineering instructor at the Imperial and Royal Technical Military Academy from 1877 to 1882 and recognized as an expert in munitions,^[2] he was appointed to the War Ministry in 1896 where he successful worked as a head of department and as chief of a section^[2] while also promoted to the rank of Major General in 1900.^[3]

Imperial War Minister

A close associate of the army chief of staff Conrad von Hötzendorf, Krobatin was appointed Imperial and Royal Minister for War on 12 December 1912 and as an integral member of the "war party" gave his full backing to the hawkish element in the military in their calls for an immediate attack on Serbia following the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914 and the July Ultimatum.^[3] With the outbreak of the First World War, Krobatin was responsible for the task of harnessing the economies of industrial Austria and agrarian Hungary to ensure the now mobilised military was supplied with vital arms and munitions as well as increasing industrial efficiency to meet the needs of a state with a large cohort of its industrial population no longer available for industrial and food production given their enlistment for war.^[4] According to a number of sources, Krobatin struggled in his task for the first two years of the war, and although he never really harnessed the economy efficiently, he succeeded in tripling the level of artillery available at divisional level.^[3]

One of the first commanders to be raised to the newly created rank of Generaloberst in February 1916,^[5] Krobatin was responsible for dealing with the crisis caused by Romania's entry into the war on the side of the Entente and the sudden cutting off of resources (particularly grain and petroleum) that Romania's declaration of war brought. In the Crown council on 9 September 1916, Krobatin sought backing for a proposal which would have allowed the army unrestricted powers to seize foodstuffs and punish hoarders, but this was vetoed by Austrian chancellor Karl Stürgkh and Hungarian premier Istvan Tisza. Though occupied Serbia eventually produced more grain than Romania, food supplies to soldiers in the field remained a persistent and crucial worry to those at the higher echelons of the War Ministry.^[5]

Field commander

With Conrad von Hötzendorf's dismissal in March 1917, Krobatin was left isolated in the Crown Council and he was relieved of his tenure over the war ministry in April to be handed command of the Tenth army.^[1] It was as a field commander that Krobatin was most successful. Following his role at the Battle of Caporetto in October 1917, during which his force captured two Italian divisions, he was promoted to field marshal on 5 November 1917. Redeployed to form part of Archduke Josef's strike force in Tyrol, Krobatin was given command of the entire Tyrol sector following the failure of the Piave Offensive and the Archduke's flight from the front in the face of mutinies on 26 October 1918.^[4]

Retirement

Following the rejection of his offer of an armistice to the Italians on 31 October, the battered remains of his armies were overrun at Vittorio Veneto a few days later.^[3]

Krobatin retired immediately after the close of the war and was never again to hold a commission. He was an Honorary Doctor of Technical Science at the Vienna Technical Institute, honorary president of the Kaiser Karl War Welfare Fund, and an honorary member of the "Viribus Unitis" Vienna Riding Association.^[5] Krobatin died in Vienna in 1933.

Service record

1865 - Attends Artillerieakademie until 1869
1869 - Promoted to Leutnant
1873 - Promoted to Oberleutnant
1879 - Promoted to Hauptmann 2. Kl.
1882 - Promoted to Hauptmann 1. Kl.
1877 - Attends the Technisch Militarisch Akademie until 1885
1885 - Truppendienst until 1890
1889 - Promoted to Major
1890 - Head of the Artillery Kadett Schule until 1895
1892 - Promoted to Oberstleutnant
1895 - Promoted to Oberst
1895 - Commander of Korps Artillery Regiment 1
1896 - Head of 7. Section of the RKM until 1904
1900 - Promoted to Generalmajor
1904 - Sections Chief im RKM until 1912
1905 - Promoted to Feldmarschalleutnant
1910 - Promoted to Feldzeugmeister
1912 - k.u.k Minister of war until April 1917
1916 - Promoted to Generaloberst
1917 - Commands X. Army until October 1918
1917 - Promoted to Feldmarschall
1918 - Commands Heeresgruppe Tirol until November 1918 ^[5]

Notes

Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as Baron). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.

Sources

^ ^a ^b Pope, S. & Wheal, E.A.(1995): The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War Macmillan: London.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Krobatin, Alexander, Freiherr von" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Alexander von Krobatin". Who's Who of the first world war. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
^ ^a ^b Pope, S. & Wheal, E.A. (1995): The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War Macmillan: London.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin". Austrian Commanders. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2008.

Military offices
Preceded by Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów	Imperial & Royal Minister for War 1912–1917	Succeeded by Rudolf Stöger-Steiner Edler von Steinstätten