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A Man Escaped
A Man Escaped
Directed by	Robert Bresson
Written by	Robert Bresson
Based on	a memoir; by André Devigny
Produced by	Alain Poiré; Jean Thuillier
Starring	François Leterrier; Charles Le Clainche; Maurice Beerblock; Roland Monod
Cinematography	Léonce-Henri Burel
Edited by	Raymond Lamy
Music by	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Production; company	Société Nouvelle des Établissements Gaumont
Distributed by	Gaumont Distribution
Release date	11 November 1956;
Running time	99 minutes
Country	France
Languages	French, German

A Man Escaped or The Wind Bloweth Where It Listeth (French: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le Vent souffle où il veut, which literally translates as: "A man condemned to death has escaped or The wind blows where it wants"; the subtitle is a quote from John 3:8) is a 1956 French prison film directed by Robert Bresson. It is based on a memoir by André Devigny, a member of the French Resistance who was held by the occupying Germans in Montluc prison during World War II. The protagonist of the film is given a different name.

The film was screened in competition at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival,^[1] and has always been one of Bresson's most popular works.^[2]

Plot

In Lyon in 1943, Fontaine, a member of the French Resistance, jumps out of the car that is taking him to Montluc prison. He is immediately apprehended, and his German captors handcuff him, beat him, and lock him up. Throughout his time in prison, Fontaine regularly hears gunfire as other inmates are executed.

At first, Fontaine is placed in a cell on the ground floor of Montluc. He communicates with his neighbor by tapping on the wall and is regularly able to talk through his window to Terry, a member of a small group that is allowed to exercise unsupervised in a courtyard. Terry takes Fontaine's letters to his family and superiors in the Resistance and gets him a safety pin so he can remove his handcuffs.

After fifteen days, Fontaine is moved to a cell on the top floor of Montluc, and he is no longer made to wear handcuffs. His new neighbor, Blanchet, is an elderly man who refuses to respond to his taps on the wall. He gets to know several other inmates on his daily trips to empty his slop bucket and wash his face, even though the guards regularly admonish them for talking. After Blanchet faints while emptying his slop bucket, he and Fontaine begin to talk to each other at their windows.

Fontaine notices the wooden door of his cell is made up of thick boards joined together by a softer wood, so he sharpens the end of a spoon and begins to chisel away at the joints. After weeks of slow, silent, meticulous work, which involves keeping track of and disposing of every wood shaving and camouflaging the damage he is doing to the door, he is able to get out of his cell into the hallway at will. He makes some rope using most of his linens and the wire from his bed frame.

Some of Fontaine's fellow inmates begin to believe he may have found a way to escape from Montluc. Orsini, who helped alert Fontaine to approaching guards while he was chiseling at his door, asks to come along. Fontaine shares his plan with Orsini, but Orsini thinks it is too complicated. Instead he tries to make a run for it one day as the inmates walk outside to empty their slop buckets. He is caught and returned to his cell to await execution. He tells Fontaine to fashion hooks to scale the prison walls from the frame of the lighting fixture in his cell.

Fontaine makes more rope out of some cloth items he receives in a package, and Blanchet donates a blanket to his escape effort. As time goes on, however, the other inmates begin to doubt Fontaine will ever really try to escape. Another prisoner refuses to join his plan, calling it unrealistic.

Shortly after learning that he has been sentenced to death, Fontaine is given a cellmate. The young soldier, François Jost, says he has been convicted of desertion, but Fontaine suspects he may have been planted by the Nazis to get information. Fontaine spends time feeling Jost out and ultimately decides to trust the boy and escape with him, knowing he would have to kill him otherwise.

One day, Fontaine says his goodbyes and tells Jost his plan. Jost realizes he does not really have a choice, so he agrees and helps make some more rope. The pair go into the hallway that night and reach the roof via a skylight. Fontaine slowly leads the way across the roof, taking advantage of the auditory cover provided by passing trains, and descends into a courtyard, where he kills a German guard. He and Jost climb a building and hook a rope across the gap between the inner and outer walls of the prison compound, but Fontaine loses his nerve and just sits there. Hours later, he finally shimmies across the rope and drops down into the streets of Lyon, and he and Jost walk away from Montluc undetected.

Cast

François Leterrier as Lieutenant Fontaine
Charles Le Clainche as François Jost
Maurice Beerblock as Blanchet
Roland Monod as Pastor Deleyris
Jacques Ertaud as Orsini
Jean-Paul Delhumeau as Hebrard
Roger Treherne as Terry
Jean-Philippe Delamarre as Prisoner 110
César Gattegno as Prisoner X
Jacques Oerlemans as the head guard
Klaus Detlef Grevenhorst as the Abwehr officer
Leonhard Schmidt as the escort guard

Production

The film is based on the memoirs of André Devigny, a member of the French Resistance who escaped from Montluc prison in Lyon in 1943.^[3] Bresson had also been held by the Germans during WWII, though as a prisoner of war.

In an interview, Bresson said that, with A Man Escaped, he "wanted to achieve a great purity, a greater asceticism than in Diary of a Country Priest", noting his use of nonprofessional actors.^[4] The music that appears several times in the film is the Kyrie from Mozart's Great Mass in C minor, K. 427.^[5]

Reception and legacy

Bresson won Best Director at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival.^[6] The film was named by the National Board of Review as one of the best foreign films of 1956.^[2]

Today, the work is sometimes considered Bresson's masterpiece.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] It was ranked 69th in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll.^[11] Roger Ebert wrote: "Watching a film like A Man Escaped is like a lesson in the cinema. It teaches by demonstration all the sorts of things that are not necessary in a movie. By implication, it suggests most of the things we're accustomed to are superfluous. I can't think of a single unnecessary shot in A Man Escaped."^[12]

Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieslowski was influenced by the film and ranked it as one of the top ten films that "affected" him the most.^[13] British-American filmmaker Christopher Nolan was influenced by the film (along with Pickpocket) when making Dunkirk (2017).^[14]

Benny Safdie of the Safdie Brothers named the film as his favorite of all time.^[15] American-British singer Scott Walker also listed the film as one of his all-time favorites.^[16]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 40 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 9.3/10. The website's consensus reads: "A Man Escaped is blockbuster Bresson, a well-acted POW drama that builds with subtle, seat-gripping tension."^[17]

Home video releases

New Yorker Video released the film on Region 1 DVD in 2004 (this release is out of print). Artificial Eye put out a Region 2 release in the UK in April 2008, which contains a superior audio/video presentation and features the 1984 Dutch documentary The Road to Bresson as an extra. Madman Entertainment released a Region 4 Australian DVD in July 2009, which contains a scholarly audio commentary by Professor Ross Gibson of the Sydney College of the Arts, University of Sydney.

Gaumont released the film on Blu-ray in France in November 2010.^[18]

The film was released by The Criterion Collection in March 2013 on Region A Blu-ray and Region 1 DVD. Supplementary features included with this release include "Bresson: Without a Trace", the 1965 episode of the French television program Cinéastes de notre temps that features the director's first on-camera interview; The Road to Bresson, which features interviews with filmmakers Andrei Tarkovsky, Louis Malle, and Paul Schrader; The Essence of Forms, a 2010 French documentary in which collaborators and admirers of Bresson, including actor François Leterrier and director Bruno Dumont, share their thoughts about the director and his work; and "Functions of Film Sound", a visual essay on the use of sound in A Man Escaped, which features narration taken from a chapter about the film in Film Art: An Introduction by film scholars David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson.^[19]

References

^ "Festival de Cannes: A Man Escaped". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
^ ^a ^b Cunneen 2004, p. 59.
^ Cunneen 2004, pp. 58–70.
^ Cunneen 2004, p. 60.
^ Richie, Donald (1998). "Bresson and Music". In Quandt, James (ed.). Robert Bresson. Toronto: Toronto International Film Festival Group. p. 300. He employed Mozart, the Kyrie Elieson [sic] of the Mass in C Minor, music which had a 'colour,' he said, matching that of the film. ... The music is heard in seven sequences, in all of which the prisoners are communicating with the condemned man, when they are no longer alone.
^ "UN CONDAMNE A MORT S'EST ECHAPPE - Festival de Cannes (International Film Festival)". Festival de Cannes. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
^ "A Man Escaped: Quintessential Bresson - From the Current - The Criterion Collection". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ "A Man Escaped (Bresson, 1956)". 1More Film Blog. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ "A Man Escaped (1956)". Stanley W. Rogouski. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ "DVD Review: Bresson's A Man Escaped (1956) - New Yorker Video DVD". People.ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ "Votes for A Man Escaped (1956)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
^ Ebert, Roger (2011-11-21). "A Man Escaped movie review & film summary (1956)". rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
^ Joseph Kickasola (2004). The Films of Krzysztof Kieslowski - The Liminal Image. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 26. ISBN 9780826415592. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
^ Leonard Pearce (February 28, 2017). "Christopher Nolan Inspired by Robert Bresson and Silent Films for 'Dunkirk,' Which Has "Little Dialogue"". The Film Stage. The Film Stage, L.L.C. Retrieved 23 September 2021. "I spent a lot of time reviewing the silent films for crowd scenes –the way extras move, evolve, how the space is staged and how the cameras capture it, the views used," Nolan tells Premiere Magazine. The director revealed that he brushed up on silent films such as Intolerance, Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans, and Greed, as well as the films of Robert Bresson (notably Pickpocket and A Man Escaped, to dissect the process of creating suspense through details), Wages of Fear, and, of course, Saving Private Ryan.
^ Jacqueline Coley (January 14, 2020). "The Safdie Brothers' Five Favorite Films". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 15 July 2021. Benny Safdie: "Then the second one – and let's say, this was in no particular order – but A Man Escaped, the [Robert] Bresson movie. That has to be my favorite movie of all time, just because it always makes me cry at the end, because I feel like I've achieved something that the character achieves. And it tells you what happens in the title, and it makes it no less suspenseful the entire way. You're literally feeling the sound of the gravel as he puts his foot down – those shots of the foot or the spoon going into the slot. All of these things, the editing of it, the character, the way he's using these actors who you don't really know, they just – you feel like they're real people. It's just so perfectly put together, and it's something where I kind of feel like I'm going along with the escape in a way that's just done by a master. In a weird way, I feel like Bresson is the Fontaine character in that movie. But what's weird is I've watched it again recently, and I had a totally different feeling of it, where it was more about society and how people are talking to each other. And then you realize Bresson is just kind of making the same movie every time, just with different [settings and characters]. One's World War II, one's Lancelot."
^ Samuel Wigley (March 26, 2019). "Scott Walker's favourite films". BFI. British Film Institute. Retrieved 16 October 2021. In conversation with Jarvis Cocker for Q magazine, Walker said of director Robert Bresson: 'When I see his films, it's a visual version of what I want to get. He never uses real actors. If a person is laying down their hand, he just wants you to know a human being is laying down their hand. It's the phenomenon of being human.'
^ "A MAN ESCAPED". Fandango Media. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ "Un condamné à mort s'est échappé (Blu-ray)". amazon.fr. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
^ "A Man Escaped". criterion.com. Retrieved 2021-03-06.