The championship was originally due to start in March,[2] but the start was postponed until July in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was originally due to be contested over a record of 22 Grands Prix, but as some races were cancelled and new races were added to replace them, a total of 17 races were run.[3] The season started in July with the Austrian Grand Prix[4] and ended in December with the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.[3] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first eight rounds of the championship were run behind closed doors, with the rest of the races being run at a reduced capacity or also behind closed doors due to the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lewis Hamilton and Mercedes entered the season as the reigning World Drivers' and World Constructors' champions, respectively, after they both won their sixth championship in 2019. At the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, Mercedes secured their seventh consecutive Constructors' Championship making them the only team to win seven consecutive championships, breaking Ferrari's record from 1999 to 2004. Mercedes also maintained the distinction of being the only team to win the championship since the 2014 turbo-hybrid engine regulation changes were enacted. Hamilton equalled Michael Schumacher's record of seven World Drivers' Championships at the Turkish Grand Prix and broke Schumacher's previous record of 91 career wins at the Portuguese Grand Prix.
Sebastian Vettel endured a difficult season with Ferrari, finishing thirteenth in the standings and amassing only 33 points with one podium finish (third in Turkey). This would also be his final season with Ferrari, as he would go on to join Aston Martin—the rebrand of Racing Point—for the 2021 season, where he would spend two seasons before retiring from F1 at the end of 2022 season.
Entries
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2020 World Championship.[5] All teams competed with tyres supplied by Pirelli.[6]
Teams and drivers that competed in the 2020 World Championship
Schumacher and Callum Ilott were entered to appear in the first practice session for the Eifel Grand Prix, driving for Alfa Romeo Racing and Haas, respectively,[29] but the session was cancelled due to bad weather conditions.[30]
Drivers that took part in free practice sessions during the 2020 World Championship
A day before the British Grand Prix weekend, Racing Point driver Sergio Pérez tested positive for COVID-19 and was ruled out of the race weekend.[35] After seeking clarification from Public Health England, Racing Point stated that they intended to let Pérez race in the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix pending a negative coronavirus test.[36] This re-test came back positive and so Pérez was also unable to take part in the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix. He was replaced for both races by Nico Hülkenberg, who had raced for the team's predecessor Force India in 2012 and from 2014 to 2016, and last raced in Formula One at the 2019 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.[37][38] Pérez had a negative coronavirus test result the week preceding the Spanish Grand Prix weekend and he competed in the Grand Prix having been cleared by the FIA to return.[39] Pérez's Racing Point teammate Lance Stroll felt ill prior to the Eifel Grand Prix and tested positive for the coronavirus on the day of the race. Hülkenberg again raced for the team.[40][20]
Twenty-two Grands Prix were originally scheduled for the 2020 World Championship.[2] However, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in numerous race cancellations and postponements. A rescheduled calendar consisted of seventeen Grands Prix, nine from the original 2020 calendar and eight other Grands Prix, while the other thirteen original 2020 races were cancelled. This also meant that the season started with two races in Austria, and later on in the season there were also two races at Silverstone Circuit along with two races at Bahrain International Circuit. Each race is the minimum number of laps that exceeds a total distance of 305 km (189.5 mi). Under the sporting regulations, a minimum of eight races must take place for the season to be considered a championship.[48][f]
The following rounds were included on the original calendar published by the World Motor Sport Council but were cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic:
Changes from the 2019 calendar to the original 2020 calendar
After purchasing the commercial rights to the sport from CVC Capital Partners in January 2017, Liberty Media announced plans to expand the Formula One calendar using a concept they termed "destination races" and modelled on the Singapore Grand Prix.[61] Under the "destination races" model, Grands Prix would be established in or near key tourist destinations and integrate racing, entertainment and social functions with the aim of making the sport more accessible and appealing to a wider audience.[peacock prose] Several countries and venues announced plans to bid for a Grand Prix,[62][63] with two bids being successful:
The Vietnamese Grand Prix was announced as the first new race created under Liberty's management.[64] The race was given a provisional date of April 2020 and was planned to take place in the capital Hanoi on the Hanoi Circuit,[65] but was later cancelled.[66]
The Dutch Grand Prix was due to be revived,[67] with the race scheduled to take place at the Circuit Zandvoort.[68][69] The 2020 race would have marked the first time the Dutch Grand Prix has been run since 1985. However, the race was later cancelled.[70]
Liberty Media initially expected that the 2020 calendar would consist of twenty-one Grands Prix and that any new races would come at the expense of existing events, but later negotiated an agreement with the teams to allow up to twenty-two Grands Prix. Several further changes were made between the 2019 and 2020 calendars, with the German Grand Prix discontinued and the Mexican Grand Prix planned to be rebranded as the Mexico City Grand Prix before it was cancelled.[71][72]
Regulation changes
Sporting regulations
Teams were allowed to use an additional MGU-K compared to 2019 to compensate for the increased demands of contesting the originally planned twenty-two races.[73][74][clarification needed]
Drivers who participated in free practice sessions were eligible for additional FIA Super Licence points. Any driver who completed a minimum 100 km (62 mi) during a free practice session received an additional Super Licence point on the condition that they do not commit a driving infraction. Drivers could only accrue ten Super Licence points across a three-season period from free practice sessions.[75] The rules around helmet designs were relaxed with drivers allowed to change their design as many times as they wanted between races, having previously been restricted to a base design and one permitted major design change (excluding minor alterations) since 2015.[76]
As a result of what was then planned to be an expanded calendar, the two pre-season tests which took place at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya were reduced in length from four days to three days each, whilst the two in-season tests that took place at Bahrain International Circuit and Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in 2019 were discontinued. Teams were no longer allowed to hide their cars during testing.[77] The amount of time in which car mechanics were prohibited from working on the car was extended from eight to nine hours.[74]
The rules surrounding jump starts and the weighbridge were relaxed with the race stewards able to hand out less severe punishments for missing the weighbridge and jump starts.[74]
Technical regulations
In order to reduce the risk of punctures, the last 50 mm (2.0 in) of the front wing could no longer contain any metal. Brake ducts could no longer be outsourced and must be made and designed by the team. The amount of fuel that could be outside of the fuel tank was reduced from 2 litres (3.5 imp pt) to 250 millilitres (0.44 imp pt). A decrease in electronic driver aids meant that drivers were responsible for managing more of the car's torque during race starts.[74]
Mid-season changes
From the Italian Grand Prix, drivers were only allowed to run one engine mode from the start of qualifying to the end of the race.[78] However, drivers were still allowed to use electrical power for the powertrain throughout the race weekend.[79]
Italian-based teams Ferrari and AlphaTauri expressed concern about the spread of the disease and its effect on the championship.[80][81] As Italy suffered one of the worst outbreaks of the virus, both teams were concerned about the ability of their staff to leave the quarantine zone established in northern Italy and to enter host nations. Pre-season testing in Barcelona proceeded as planned, with all teams and drivers completing the six days of testing.[82]
Ross Brawn, the managing director of the sport, announced that Grands Prix would not go ahead if a team were blocked from entering a host nation, but that events could go ahead if a team voluntarily chose not to enter a host nation.[83] In early March, organisers of the Bahrain Grand Prix stated that the event would be "participants-only" and that no spectators would be allowed.[84]
Race postponements and cancellations
The season-opening Australian Grand Prix was expected to go ahead and all teams and drivers arrived at the venue as planned. Three days before the race was due to take place, McLaren announced their withdrawal from the event after a team member tested positive for the virus.[85] This led to the Grand Prix being cancelled altogether the following morning.[86] Later that day, it was announced that the Bahrain Grand Prix would be postponed rather than closed to spectators, as would the inaugural Vietnamese Grand Prix.[56]
Formula One and the FIA released a joint statement saying that they "expect to begin the Championship in Europe at the end of May" but that this timeline "will be regularly reviewed".[87] On 19 March, the FIA announced that the Dutch, Spanish and Monaco Grands Prix had all been postponed indefinitely due to the pandemic. In the statement, the FIA said they now expect to begin the season "as soon as it is safe to do so after May" and that the situation would continue to be monitored.[88] The organisers of the Monaco race, Automobile Club de Monaco, clarified that the race had been cancelled. This meant that Formula One would not race in Monaco for the first time since 1954.[89] Four days later, organisers of the Azerbaijan Grand Prix announced that the race had been postponed.[90]
In early April, organisers of the Canadian Grand Prix announced the race's postponement.[59] Later in the month, the French Grand Prix organisers confirmed that the race would not be held in 2020,[60] and the managing director of Silverstone Circuit stated that should the British Grand Prix go ahead, it would be without spectators.[91] In May, organisers of the Hungarian Grand Prix announced that their race would use the same model.[92] The sport's plans to resume competition called for a ban on team motorhomes and a rigid testing regime to stop any outbreak of the virus.[93]
The Dutch Grand Prix was cancelled entirely in late May, with organisers of the event stating that they would prefer to host the revived race with spectators in attendance in 2021 rather than without spectators in 2020.[70] Formula One confirmed the cancellation of the Azerbaijan, Singapore and Japanese Grands Prix in June.[94] Organisers of the Azerbaijan and Singapore races cited the difficulty of assembling the infrastructure required for a street circuit as the reason for their cancellation, while the Japanese Grand Prix was cancelled because of the Japanese government's travel restrictions. In July the Brazilian, Canadian, Mexico City and United States Grands Prix were formally cancelled amidst rising virus cases and travel restrictions in the Americas.[95] However, organisers of the Brazilian Grand Prix disputed the claims of Formula One Management and were unhappy with their race being cancelled without further consultation.[96] In August the cancellation of the Chinese Grand Prix was announced,[97] followed, in October, by the cancellation of the inaugural Vietnamese Grand Prix.[66]
The annual summer break, where factories shut down for two weeks, was brought forward from August to March and April. Teams nominated a three-week period to close with the aim of making room for races later in the year.[98] At the end of March, it was announced that for the first time the factory shut-down would additionally apply to power unit manufacturers.[99][100] The factory shut-down period was later extended to a total of nine weeks for competitors and seven weeks for power unit manufacturers.[101][102]
Rescheduled calendar
In March, teams agreed that the 2020 Championship could run into early 2021 to ensure the running of as many races as possible. Such a move would also ensure that eight Grands Prix could be held, over three different continents, thereby meeting the minimum number of races needed for the season to qualify as a World Championship.[103][104][105]
In early April, Ross Brawn suggested that a rescheduled calendar of 18 or 19 races would be possible should racing begin in July, and that the opening round "is most likely to be in Europe", potentially without spectators.[106] He also raised the possibility of Grand Prix events being reduced to two days in order to ease pressure on logistical operations.[106] However, Alfa Romeo Racing managing director Frédéric Vasseur cautioned that a condensed calendar could escalate the costs of competing and put smaller teams at risk of financial collapse.[107] This was reiterated by other teams[who?], who pointed out that the race sanctioning fees paid by event organisers contributed to the prize money awarded to all teams at the end of the year. This money is awarded proportionally based on the teams' World Constructors' Championship positions and forms a significant part of a team's budget for the upcoming year. With fewer races and the prize structure remaining fixed, teams were concerned that they would suffer a significant financial loss.[108]
In a statement in late April, Formula One CEOChase Carey declared the intention to begin the season on 5 July and a target to hold between 15 and 18 races overall.[109] In June, the first eight races of a rescheduled calendar were confirmed, with the season expected to begin on 5 July with the Austrian Grand Prix. This revised calendar included two newly named one-off events—both second races at the Red Bull Ring and Silverstone—known as the Styrian and the 70th Anniversary Grands Prix, respectively.[51] Ross Brawn announced that the eight-round calendar was expected to grow and that the sport was considering races at venues that were not on the original calendar or using multiple configurations of existing circuits to achieve the goal of fifteen Grands Prix.[110]
On 10 July, the Russian Grand Prix was re-added to the calendar on its originally scheduled date, and the first Tuscan Grand Prix was announced at the Mugello Circuit, the first time the circuit would host a Formula One World Championship race.[111] Later in July, the return of the Nürburgring[m] and the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola to the calendar was revealed, along with the debut of the Algarve International Circuit. These races were named the Eifel and Emilia Romagna Grands Prix, respectively, with the return of the Portuguese Grand Prix for the first time since the 1996 season. The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix took place over a shortened two-day weekend, with a single 90 minute practice session taking place on Saturday morning.[112][113] This marks the first race at the Nürburgring since 2013 and at Imola since 2006, and also the first time that a country (Italy), hosts three Grands Prix since the 1982 season.[114][n]
In August, it was announced that Formula One would return to Istanbul Park for the first Turkish Grand Prix since the 2011 season, together with the debut of the Sakhir Grand Prix, to be held at the Bahrain International Circuit, using the configuration of the track called "Outer Circuit". They join the rescheduled Bahrain and Abu Dhabi Grands Prix as the final four races of the season, bringing the calendar to seventeen races.[115][116]
Of the races and dates on the original calendar, only four races, the Austrian, Belgian, Italian and Russian Grands Prix kept their original dates.
Regulatory changes
The pandemic required changes to the format of a race weekend, which included abandoning the drivers' parade and pre-race assembly for the host venue's national anthem. A modified podium ceremony was planned for after races.[117] The FIA introduced limits to the number of team personnel who could be on the starting grid to prepare cars and changed the cut-off times for cars to leave pit lane to minimise the amount of time team personnel spent on the grid.[118] Tyre supplier Pirelli was also required to provide an identical allocation of tyre compounds to all teams and drivers. Where Pirelli were previously required to announce compounds for a race several weeks in advance, this window was reduced to two weeks, allowing them to respond to anticipated changes to the calendar.[118]
Solidarity campaign
In June, Formula One launched the We Race As One initiative to fight racism, global inequity and the impact of COVID-19. The initiative used a rainbow logo, with the colours of all ten Formula One teams, also with the #WeRaceAsOne hashtag, and featured prominent We Race As One branding on vehicles (including the safety car) and signage on track. Formula One and several teams launched projects or fundraising efforts in support of the initiative.[119][120]
Protests against car legality
Mercedes
Ahead of the season opening Austrian Grand Prix, Red Bull launched a protest against the Mercedes F1 W11's dual axis steering, a system where the driver can adjust the toe of the car by pulling and pushing on the steering wheel. The system was found to be legal for 2020, but it would be banned by the FIA from 2021 onward.[121]
Racing Point
After the Styrian Grand Prix, Renault launched a protest against the brake ducts of Racing Point's car, the RP20, alleging that Racing Point had copied the brake ducts from the Mercedes F1 W10, the car used in 2019 by Mercedes. Similar protests would be launched after the Hungarian and British Grands Prix with the verdict being published between the British and 70th Anniversary Grands Prix. The ruling concluded that Racing Point had illegally copied the brake ducts of the Mercedes F1 W10 and Racing Point were subsequently penalised by 15 Constructors' Championship points and fined €400,000.[122]
Racing Point, Ferrari, McLaren, Renault and Williams had all indicated an intention to appeal the stewards decision with Racing Point trying to clear their name and Ferrari, McLaren, Williams and Renault appealing for a tougher sanction.[123] Ferrari, Renault and Racing Point confirmed their appeal, while Williams and McLaren pulled out of the appeal.[124][125] Later, Renault announced their decision to withdraw the appeal against the penalty handed out to Racing Point.[126] The same decision was made by Racing Point and Ferrari before and after the Italian Grand Prix, respectively.[127][128]
Season summary
Spielberg, Mogyoród, Silverstone, and Montmeló
The delayed season started with five races at three venues.
The first pair of races took place at Red Bull Ring in Spielberg. In the Austrian Grand Prix, Valtteri Bottas, driving for Mercedes, took pole position, ahead of his teammate Lewis Hamilton and Red Bull's Max Verstappen; however, Hamilton was given a three-place grid penalty, since he did not slow sufficiently when yellow flags were waved following a small mistake by Bottas. This promoted Verstappen to second, McLaren driver Lando Norris to third, and Alexander Albon to fourth. In an eventful race, featuring three safety car periods and the retirements of nine drivers, Bottas won, ahead of the Ferrari of Charles Leclerc and Norris. Hamilton crossed the line in second place, but received a five-second time penalty after a collision with Albon, who soon retired; after the penalty was applied, Hamilton finished fourth, ahead of Carlos Sainz Jr., Sergio Pérez and Pierre Gasly.[129]
The temporary format for some rounds featured consecutive races in consecutive weeks at the same venue. This was the case when the series stayed in Spielberg for the Styrian Grand Prix, named for the state where the circuit is located, which was won by Hamilton ahead of Bottas and Verstappen.[130]
The Hungaroring in Mogyoród fielded the first single race meeting of the year, the Hungarian Grand Prix, which started with a slippery track. Verstappen slid into the barrier on his way to the grid and broke his steering axis, but his mechanics managed to repair the car before the race start. The race winner was Hamilton, with Verstappen in second and Bottas in third place.[131]
The next stop was Silverstone, which as another two-in-two format where Hamilton won the first race, the British Grand Prix, despite his left-front tyre delaminating in the middle of the last lap. Verstappen finished second with Leclerc in third.[132] Bottas had a puncture which resulted in him finishing in eleventh. Daniil Kvyat had a puncture at high speed entering Maggotts corner which resulted in a big crash with a safety car, and Sainz Jr. finished 13th after a puncture made him fall from what would have been 4th place. In the second race at Silverstone the next week, the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, Verstappen won with Hamilton second and Bottas third. This was the first non-Mercedes win of the season.[133]
Formula One then concluded the first part of the season with a single race at Montmeló. The Spanish Grand Prix was won by Hamilton with Verstappen in second and Bottas in third.[134]
The next six races were single rounds at each venue, including two new circuits and a returning circuit. The Belgian Grand Prix was won by Lewis Hamilton, who led every lap and won by 8 seconds over teammate Valtteri Bottas who finished second ahead of Max Verstappen. Daniel Ricciardo finished fourth, setting the fastest lap on the last lap. On lap 11, Antonio Giovinazzi crashed at Campus corner; one of the wheels of his car came loose and hit the front right suspension of George Russell’s car, causing both drivers to retire from the race. This brought out the safety car for three laps. Renault achieved a finish of P4 and P5, equalling their best result since their return to the sport in 2016.[135]
The inaugural Tuscan Grand Prix, Ferrari's 1000th Grand Prix start, resulted in Hamilton's sixth race win of the season, and Mercedes's third 1–2 finish. Bottas overtook Hamilton into turn one before a major collision at turn two caused the retirement of both Verstappen (who had fallen from 3rd to 14th due to a power issue) and Gasly. This brought out the safety car for 8 laps to allow for the debris to be cleared. At the end of the safety car period, a major misunderstanding in the upper midfield led to a large collision down the pit straight, causing the retirement of Nicholas Latifi, Kevin Magnussen, Giovinazzi and Sainz Jr., and a red flag period. At the first restart, Hamilton overtook Bottas and led the race from there onwards. On lap 42, Ricciardo looked poised for his first podium since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix when Stroll's Racing Point spun off the track due to a puncture, causing the second red flag of the race. This was the first time since the 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix that there were two red flag periods in one race. At the second restart, Hamilton maintained his lead to win the race. Red Bull's Alexander Albon overtook Ricciardo in the closing laps, earning his first ever podium and the first podium for a Thai driver in Formula One.[137]
At the Russian Grand Prix, Hamilton started on pole, but two separate five-second penalties for practice starts outside the designated area meant he finished third; teammate Bottas won the Grand Prix with Verstappen in second.[138]
For the first time since 2013, Formula One returned to the Nürburgring GP-Strecke with the Eifel Grand Prix. Five cars retired in the forms of Russell, Esteban Ocon, Albon, Lando Norris and Bottas, who had started from pole. Hamilton took first place after Bottas locked up into turn 1 on lap 13. Hamilton would go on to win the race, his 7th win this season. Ricciardo claimed his first podium for Renault, finishing the race in third. The race also saw Räikkönen pass the record for most race starts.[139]
At the Portuguese Grand Prix, the first in Portimão, Hamilton took his 92nd win, taking the record for most wins that had been held by Michael Schumacher. Bottas would finish second in the race, twenty-five seconds behind his teammate, with Verstappen finishing third.[140]
Imola, Istanbul, Salyut, and Yas
It was Romain Grosjean's last season, having participated in Formula One since 2009.
The final two-in-two took placed in Sakhir. At the Bahrain Grand Prix, Hamilton claimed his 11th win of the year, followed by Verstappen and Alexander Albon in second and third. The race was marred by a serious accident involving Haas driver Romain Grosjean, who hit a barrier at the start of the race after making contact with the AlphaTauri of Daniil Kvyat. Grosjean's car broke in two and burst into flames as it split the barrier. Numerous safety features allowed him to escape the crash[144] with only burns to the hands, though they would prove severe enough to exclude him from the remainder of the season, it would be Grosjean's final race with Haas after over 9 years in Formula One.[145][146] Pérez surrendered third place after an engine failure, putting him out of the race, whilst teammate Stroll flipped at the restart after contact with Kvyat.[147]
The second part of the double was run on the outer circuit. Hamilton was ruled out of the Sakhir Grand Prix after testing positive for the coronavirus and was replaced by Williams' George Russell. Russell impressed by taking the lead from new teammate and pole-sitter Bottas and led for 59 laps, before being taken out of contention by first a tyre mix-up by Mercedes and then a late-race puncture, eventually finishing 9th. Despite being dropped to last position through a lap 1 collision with Leclerc and Verstappen, Pérez took his first race victory, followed by Esteban Ocon taking his first podium finish in 2nd and Stroll finishing 3rd.[148] With his win, Pérez took the record for the most race starts before a first victory, with 190 race starts, beating Mark Webber's record of 130 starts before his win at the 2009 German Grand Prix.[149]
At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Hamilton returned for the last race of the season after testing negative for the coronavirus. Verstappen took the pole position and his 10th win in Formula One ahead of Bottas and Hamilton, who finished second and third, respectively. This race was the last for Vettel at Ferrari, after six years, and Pérez at Racing Point, after two years at Racing Point and five at their indirect predecessor, Force India.[150] Ferrari finished sixth in the World Constructors' Championship, their worst championship result since 1980 when they finished tenth.[151]
Points were awarded to the top ten classified drivers and the driver who set the fastest lap. The driver with the fastest lap had to be within the top 10 to receive the point. In the case of a tie on points a countback system was used where the driver with the best results is ranked higher, if the best result was identical then the next best result was considered. The points were awarded for every race using the following system:[153]
† – Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.
The standings are sorted by best result, rows are not related to the drivers. In case of tie on points, the best positions achieved determined the outcome.
^Racing Point F1 Team used Mercedes-AMG F1 M11 power units. For sponsorship purposes, these engines were rebadged as "BWT Mercedes".[19]
^When Hülkenberg raced for Racing Point for the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix, he drove the car that was previously entered for Lance Stroll, rather than the car he had driven in the fourth and fifth rounds.
^Stroll was entered into the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix, but later withdrew after feeling unwell and testing positive for the coronavirus on the day of the race.[20]
^Williams entered pre-season testing as "ROKiT Williams Racing".[26]
^Under the FIA's International Sporting Code, a season must contest races across three continents to be considered a World Championship.[49][50]
^The Hungarian Grand Prix was originally due to take place on 2 August, but was rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, replacing the British Grand Prix race date.
^The British Grand Prix was originally due to take place on 19 July, but was rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, replacing the Hungarian Grand Prix race date.
^The Spanish Grand Prix was originally due to take place on 10 May, but was rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
^The Bahrain Grand Prix was run using the traditional layout called the "Grand Prix Circuit", while the Sakhir Grand Prix was run using a different layout called the "Outer Circuit".
^The Bahrain Grand Prix was originally due to take place on 22 March, but was rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, replacing the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix race date.
^The Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was originally due to take place on 29 November, but was rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
^All Formula One Grands Prix held at the Nürburgring since 1984 have used the 5-kilometre-long (3.1 mi) GP-Strecke and not the 21-kilometre-long (13 mi) Nordschleife, which was last used by Formula One in 1976.
^Racing Point drivers scored 210 points, but the constructor was deducted 15 points after a protest from Renault was upheld regarding the legality of their car.[155]
"2020 Italian Grand Prix – Entry List"(PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 3 September 2020. Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
"2020 Tuscan Grand Prix – Entry List"(PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 10 September 2020. Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
"2020 Russian Grand Prix – Entry List"(PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 24 September 2020. Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
"2020 Eifel Grand Prix – Entry List"(PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 8 October 2020. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
"2020 Turkish Grand Prix – Entry List"(PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 12 November 2020. Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
"2020 Bahrain Grand Prix – Entry List"(PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 26 November 2020. Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"2020 Sakhir Grand Prix – Entry List"(PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 3 December 2020. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
Sporting event delegationThailand at the2018 Asian GamesIOC codeTHANOCNational Olympic Committee of ThailandWebsitewww.olympicthai.or.th(in Thai and English)in Jakarta and PalembangCompetitors830 in 42 sportsFlag bearer Pleumjit Thinkaow (opening)MedalsRanked 12th Gold 11 Silver 16 Bronze 46 Total 73 Asian Games appearances (overview)1951195419581962196619701974197819821986199019941998200220062010201420182022 Thailand participated in the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta and Palembang, Indones...
Republik AlbaniaRepublika e Shqipërisë (Albania) Bendera Lambang Semboyan: Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar (Albania: Kamu Albania, Berikan diriku kehormatan, Berikan diriku nama Albania)Lagu kebangsaan: Himni i Flamurit (Indonesia: Lagu himne untuk bendera) Perlihatkan BumiPerlihatkan peta EropaPerlihatkan peta BenderaLokasi Albania (hijau gelap)di Eropa (abu-abu)Ibu kota(dan kota terbesar)Tirana41°20′N 19°48′E / ...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2020) أورسولا كاوجيل معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد 9 نوفمبر 1927 تاريخ الوفاة 27 نوفمبر 2015 (88 سنة) مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة ول
Опис файлу Опис постер фільму «Безсмертна пісня» Джерело https://www.antikbar.co.uk/original_vintage_posters/soviet_film_posters/soldier_from_latvia/PC1118/ Час створення 1957 Автор зображення «Мосфільм» Ліцензія див. нижче Обґрунтування добропорядного використання Обґрунтування добропорядного використання не в
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فبراير 2019) دافي باكر معلومات شخصية الميلاد 16 يناير 1972 (51 سنة) روتردام الجنسية مملكة هولندا الحياة العملية الفرق منتخب هولندا للكريكت المهنة لاعب كريكت ...
Gerhard Feige (2008) Unterschrift von Gerhard Feige Bischofswappen Gerhard Feige (* 19. November 1951 in Halle (Saale)) ist römisch-katholischer Bischof von Magdeburg. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Standpunkte 3 Weblinks 4 Einzelnachweise Leben Gerhard Feige wurde im hallischen St.-Barbara-Krankenhaus geboren und wuchs auch in Halle (Saale) auf.[1] Nach seinem Abitur an der August-Hermann-Francke-Schule in Halle studierte er Katholische Theologie in Erfurt. Am 1. April 1978 empfing er...
Flaas von Norden aus gesehen Die Pfarrkirche zum Hl. Sebastian in Flaas Flaas (italienisch Valas) ist eine Fraktion der Gemeinde Jenesien bei Bozen in Südtirol. Der Ort befindet sich oberhalb von Bozen auf dem Tschögglberg. Der Ortsmittelpunkt befindet sich etwa 7 km nordöstlich des Gemeindehauptorts Jenesien auf 1357 m,[1] wobei einige zugehörige, verstreute Höfe andere Höhenlagen einnehmen. Flaas hat knapp 300 Einwohner (Stand 2019).[2] Flaas ist über die Landess...
1983 single by Joe WalshSpace Age Whiz KidsSingle by Joe Walshfrom the album You Bought It – You Name It Released1983Recorded1982Genre Rock new wave Length3:40Label Warner Bros. Full Moon Songwriter(s) Joe Vitale Joe Walsh Producer(s)Bill SzymczykJoe Walsh singles chronology The Waffle Stomp (1982) Space Age Whiz Kids (1983) I Can Play That Rock & Roll (1983) Space Age Whiz Kids is a song by Joe Walsh, the guitarist for the Eagles. It was released as a lead single from his sixth studio ...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Gelas dikroik adalah gelas yang mampu mengurangi panas yang dihasilkan oleh filamen. Panas yang mampu didinginkan oleh gelas dikroik sebesar 80% dari panas yang dipancarkan oleh filamen. Gelas dikroik digunakan pada pembuatan lampu yang menggunakan fil...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant un livre. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Les Récits de l'enseigne StålCouverture de l'édition de 1886Titre original (sv) Fänrik Ståls sägnerLangue SuédoisAuteur Johan Ludvig RunebergGenre PoésieSujet Guerre de FinlandePersonnage Johan August SandelsDates de parution 18481860Pays Finlandemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Les Récit...
Historic house in Kansas, United States United States historic placeEisenhower HomeU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of KansasShow map of the United StatesLocation201 SE 4th St., Abilene, KansasCoordinates38°54′45″N 97°12′42″W / 38.91250°N 97.21167°W / 38.91250; -97.21167Area1 acre (0.40 ha)Built1898 (1898)NRHP reference No.71000306[1]Added to NRHPJanuary 25, 1971 The Eisenhower Home in Abilene, Kansas, at the Ei...
Historic house in Massachusetts, United States United States historic placeAmasa Farrier HouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtContributing property Amasa Farrier HouseShow map of MassachusettsShow map of the United StatesLocation55 Central St., Stoneham, MassachusettsCoordinates42°28′53″N 71°5′55″W / 42.48139°N 71.09861°W / 42.48139; -71.09861Built1865Architectural styleItalianatePart ofCentral Square Historic District (I...
Japanese fictional prose narrative and folktale Princess Kaguya redirects here. For the Studio Ghibli animated film, see The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film). For the 1935 drama film, see Princess Kaguya (1935 film). For the 1987 live-action film, see Princess from the Moon. For other uses, see Kaguya. The Receding Princess from The Japanese Fairy Book, 1908 The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (Japanese: 竹取物語, Hepburn: Taketori Monogatari) is a monogatari (fictional prose narrative) conta...
Human settlement in EnglandChideockThe main road in ChideockChideockLocation within DorsetPopulation550 [1]OS grid referenceSY423928Unitary authorityDorsetShire countyDorsetRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBridportPostcode districtDT6PoliceDorsetFireDorset and WiltshireAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentWest DorsetWebsiteVillage website List of places UK England Dorset 50°43′57″N 2°49′15″W / ...
Genus of flightless birds This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Ostrich (disambiguation). OstrichTemporal range: Miocene–Holocene, 23–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Montage of two living species, from left to right: common ostrich and Somali ostrich Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Infraclass: Palaeognathae Order: Struthioniformes Family: Struthionidae Genus: StruthioLinnaeus, 1758[1] Type species...
مار إغناطيوس إلياس الثالث بطريرك أنطاكية وسائر المشرق للسريان الأرثوذكس معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالإنجليزية: Nasri) الميلاد 1867ماردين، تركيا الوفاة 13 فبراير 1932مانجينيكارا، الهند الإقامة دير الزعفران مناصب بطريرك الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية في المنص...
Himno nacional de ChileB. Indonesia: Lagu Kebangsaan CileLagu kebangsaan ChiliPenulis lirikEusebio Lillo, 1847KomponisRamón Carnicer, 1827Penggunaan1828Sampel audioHimno Nacional de Chile (instrumental)berkasbantuan Himno nacional de Chile merupakan sebuah lagu kebangsaan di Cile. Lagu ini pertama kali dinyanyikan pada tahun 1847. Penulis lagu ini adalah Eusebio Lillo. Lirik Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado. Puras brisas te cruzan también. Y tu campo de flores bordado Es la copia...
_(cropped).jpg)
.jpg)
_(cropped).jpg)
.jpg)
_(cropped).jpg)
.jpg)
