Teluk Kuwait

Citra satelit Teluk Kuwait

Teluk Kuwait (bahasa Arab: جون الكويت pelafalan bahasa Arab Teluk:/d͡ʒoːn‿ɪlkweːt/) adalah sebuah teluk di Kuwait. Teluk ini merupakan hulu Teluk Persia. Kota Kuwait terletak di ujung teluk.

Sejarah

Setelah banjir pasca-glasial di cekungan Teluk Persia, puing-puing dari sungai TigrisEfrat membentuk delta besar, yang menciptakan sebagian besar daratan di Kuwait masa kini dan membentuk garis pantai masa kini.[1] Secara historis, Kuwait utara merupakan bagian dari Mesopotamia kuno.[2] Salah satu bukti paling awal hunian manusia di Kuwait selatan berasal dari 8000 SM di mana peralatan Mesolitikum ditemukan di Burgan.[3] Penduduk Neolitikum Kuwait merupakan salah satu pedagang maritim paling awal di dunia.[4] Selama periode Ubaid (6500 SM), Kuwait merupakan situs utama interaksi antara masyarakat Mesopotamia dan Arabia Timur Neolitikum,[5][6][7][8][9] termasuk Bahra 1 dan situs H3 di Subiya.[5][10][11][12] Salah satu perahu buluh tertua di dunia ditemukan di situs H3 yang berasal dari periode Ubaid.[13]

Pada tahun 4000 SM hingga 2000 SM, Teluk Kuwait merupakan rumah bagi peradaban Dilmun.[14][15][16][17] Kendali Dilmun atas Teluk Kuwait meliputi daratan Akkaz,[14] Umm an Namil,[14][18] dan Failaka.[14][17] Pada puncak kejayaannya pada tahun 2000 SM, kekaisaran Dilmun menguasai jalur perdagangan dari Mesopotamia ke India dan peradaban Lembah Indus. Kekuatan komersial Dilmun mulai menurun setelah tahun 1800 SM. Pembajakan marak di seluruh wilayah tersebut selama masa kemunduran Dilmun. Setelah tahun 600 SM, bangsa Babilonia menambahkan Dilmun ke dalam kekaisaran mereka.

Pada masa Aleksander Agung, muara Sungai Efrat terletak di Kuwait utara.[19][20] Sungai Efrat mengalir langsung ke Teluk Persia melalui Khor Subiya yang merupakan saluran sungai pada saat itu.[19][20] Failaka terletak 15 kilometer dari muara sungai Efrat.[19][20] Pada abad pertama SM, saluran sungai Khor Subiya mengering sepenuhnya.[19][20]

Selama periode Akhemeniyah (s. 550‒330 SM), Teluk Kuwait dihuni kembali.[21] Ada prasasti Aram yang membuktikan keberadaan Akhemeniyah.[22] Pada 127 SM, Kuwait adalah bagian dari Kekaisaran Partia dan kerajaan Karakene didirikan di sekitar Teredon di Kuwait saat ini. Karakene berpusat di wilayah yang meliputi Mesopotamia selatan,[23] Koin Karakene ditemukan di Akkaz, Umm an Namil, dan Failaka.[24] Sebuah dermaga komersial Karakene era Partia yang sibuk ada di Kuwait.[25] Penyebutan Kuwait yang tercatat paling awal adalah pada tahun 150 M dalam risalah geografis Geografi oleh ilmuwan Yunani Klaudius Ptolemaeus.[26] Ptolemaeus menyebut Teluk Kuwait sebagai Hieros Kolpos (Sacer Sinus dalam versi Latin).[26]

Sebagian besar Teluk Kuwait saat ini masih belum dieksplorasi secara arkeologis.[5][3] Menurut beberapa arkeolog dan geolog terkenal, Kuwait kemungkinan merupakan lokasi asli Sungai Pison yang mengairi Taman Eden.[27][28][29][30] Juris Zarins berpendapat bahwa Taman Eden terletak di hulu Teluk Persia (Kuwait saat ini), tempat Sungai Tigris dan Efrat mengalir ke laut, dari penelitiannya di daerah ini menggunakan informasi dari banyak sumber berbeda, termasuk citra LANDSAT dari luar angkasa. Sarannya tentang Sungai Pison didukung oleh James A. Sauer dari Pusat Penelitian Oriental Amerika.[31] Sauer membuat argumen dari geologi dan sejarah bahwa Sungai Pison adalah Sungai Kuwait yang sekarang sudah tidak ada lagi.[31] Dengan bantuan foto satelit, Farouk El-Baz menelusuri saluran kering dari Kuwait ke Wadi Al-Batin.[27][32][29][28]

Referensi

  1. ^ "The Post-glacial Flooding of the Persian Gulf, animation and images". University of California, Santa Barbara. 
  2. ^ Macmillan, Palgrave (2016). "Kuwait". The Statesman's Yearbook. The Stateman's Yearbook. hlm. 727–731. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-68398-7_258. ISBN 978-1-137-44008-2. 
  3. ^ a b "The Archaeology of Kuwait" (PDF). Cardiff University. hlm. 1–427. 
  4. ^ Robert Carter (2011). "The Neolithic origins of seafaring in the Arabian Gulf". Archaeology International. 24 (3): 44. doi:10.5334/ai.0613alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  5. ^ a b c Robert Carter (2019). "The Mesopotamian frontier of the Arabian Neolithic: A cultural borderland of the sixth–fifth millennia BC". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 31 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1111/aae.12145. 
  6. ^ Robert Carter (25 October 2010). Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-Related Site in Kuwait. BRILL. ISBN 9789004163591. 
  7. ^ Robert Carter (2006). "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC" (PDF). Antiquity. 80 (307): 52–63. doi:10.1017/s0003598x0009325x. 
  8. ^ Robert Carter. "Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-Related Site in Kuwait". 
  9. ^ "How Kuwaitis lived more than 8,000 years ago". Kuwait Times. 25 November 2014. 
  10. ^ Robert Carter (2002). "Ubaid-period boat remains from As-Sabiyah: excavations by the British Archaeological Expedition to Kuwait". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 13–30. JSTOR 41223721. 
  11. ^ Robert Carter; Graham Philip. "Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East" (PDF). 
  12. ^ "PAM 22". pcma.uw.edu.pl. 
  13. ^ Weekes, Richard (31 March 2001). "Secrets of world's oldest boat are discovered in Kuwait sands". The Daily Telegraph. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2013. 
  14. ^ a b c d "Kuwait's archaeological sites reflect human history & civilizations (2:50 – 3:02)". Ministry of Interior News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 December 2021. 
  15. ^ Glassner, Jean-Jacques; Herron, Donald M. (1990). The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer. Jean-Jacques Glassner. JHU Press. hlm. 7. ISBN 9780801873898. 
  16. ^ Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Richard F. Nyrop. Wildside Press LLC. hlm. 11. ISBN 9781434462107. From about 4000 to 2000 B.C. the civilization of Dilmun dominated 250 miles of the eastern coast of Arabia from present-day Kuwait to Bahrain and extended sixty miles into the interior to the oasis of Hufuf (see fig. 2). 
  17. ^ a b Calvet, Yves (1989). "Failaka and the Northern Part of Dilmun". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 19: 5–11. JSTOR 41223078. 
  18. ^ Connan, Jacques; Carter, Robert (2007). "A geochemical study of bituminous mixtures from Failaka and Umm an-Namel (Kuwait), from the Early Dilmun to the Early Islamic period". Jacques Connan, Robert Carter. 18 (2): 139–181. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2007.00283.x. 
  19. ^ a b c d Andreas P. Parpas (2016). Naval and Maritime Activities of Alexander the Great in South Mesopotamia and the Gulf. hlm. 62–117. 
  20. ^ a b c d Hermann Gasche, ed. (2004). The Persian Gulf shorelines and the Karkheh, Karun and Jarrahi Rivers: A Geo-Archaeological Approach. hlm. 19–54. 
  21. ^ Bonnéric, Julie (2021). "Guest editors' foreword". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32: 1–5. doi:10.1111/aae.12195. 
  22. ^ Andreas P. Parpas. "Hellenistic Ikaros-Failaka" (PDF). hlm. 5. 
  23. ^ Kaveh Farrokh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Bloomsbury USA. hlm. 124. ISBN 9781846031083. With Babylon and Seleucia secured, Mehrdad turned to Charax in southern Mesopotamia (modern south Iraq and Kuwait). 
  24. ^ Julian Reade, ed. (1996). Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. hlm. 275. ISBN 9781136155314. 
  25. ^ Leonardo Gregoratti. "A Parthian Harbour in the Gulf: the Characene". hlm. 216. 
  26. ^ a b "The European Exploration of Kuwait". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 March 2014. Diakses tanggal 21 July 2013. 
  27. ^ a b "Signs of Ancient River". The New York Times. 30 March 1993. 
  28. ^ a b The Pishon River – Found
  29. ^ a b James K. Hoffmeier, The Archaeology of the Bible, Lion Hudson: Oxford, England, 34–35
  30. ^ Carol A. Hill, The Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape.
  31. ^ a b Sauer, James A. (July–August 1996). "The River Runs Dry: Creation Story Preserves Historical Memory". Biblical Archaeology Review. Vol. 22 no. 4. Biblical Archaeology Society. hlm. 52–54, 57, 64. Diakses tanggal 17 November 2019. 
  32. ^ Farouk El-Baz, "A river in the desert", Discover, July 1993.

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