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Sepanjang sejarah Uni Soviet (1922–1991), terdapat periode di mana pemerintah Soviet menekan dan menindas berbagai bentuk Kekristenan dalam tingkat yang berbeda-beda tergantung pada kepentingan negara.^[1] Kebijakan Marxisme-Leninisme Soviet secara konsisten menganjurkan kontrol, penindasan, dan akhirnya, penghapusan keyakinan agama, dan secara aktif mendorong ateisme di Uni Soviet.^[2] Namun, kebanyakan agama tidak pernah dilarang secara resmi.^[1]

Negara menganjurkan penghancuran agama, dan secara resmi menyatakan keyakinan agama merupakan takhayul dan terbelakang.^[3]^[4] Partai Komunis menghancurkan gereja, masjid, dan sinagoga, mengejek, melecehkan, memenjarakan dan mengeksekusi para pemimpin keagamaan, memenuhi sekolah-sekolah dan media dengan ajaran-ajaran anti-agama, dan memperkenalkan sebuah sistem kepercayaan yang disebut "ateisme ilmiah," dengan ritual, janji, dan propagandisnya sendiri.^[5]^[6] Jumlah total korban umat Kristen di bawah rezim Soviet diperkirakan berkisar antara 14-22 juta.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Kepercayaan dan praktik keagamaan bertahan di antara mayoritas penduduk,^[5] di ruang domestik dan pribadi, tetapi juga di ruang publik yang tersebar yang diizinkan oleh negara yang mengakui kegagalannya untuk memusnahkan agama dan bahaya politik dari perang budaya yang tak henti-hentinya.^[3]^[10]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b "Revelations from the Russian Archives: ANTI-RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGNS". Library of Congress. US Government. Diakses tanggal 2 May 2016.
^ "Soviet Union: Policy toward nationalities and religions in practice". www.country-data.com. May 1989. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-29. Marxism-Leninism has consistently advocated the control, suppression, and, ultimately, the elimination of religious beliefs, except for Judaism, which was actively protected by the bolshevik state.
^ ^a ^b Daniel, Wallace L. (Winter 2009). "Father Aleksandr Men and the struggle to recover Russia's heritage". Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies (George Washington University). 17 (1). ISSN 1940-4603. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-29. Continuing to hold to one's beliefs and one's view of the world required the courage to stand outside a system committed to destroying religious values and perspectives.
^ Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)
^ ^a ^b Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50
^ Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Russia's postcommunist past: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the reimagining of national identity." History and Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 21.1 (2009)
^ ”Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.”, James M. Nelson, “Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality”, Springer, 2009, ISBN 0387875727, p. 427
^ ”In all, it is estimated that some 15 to 20 million Christians were martyred under the Soviet regime”, David Barrett, “World Christian Trends”, Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2001, cited by David Taylor, ”21 Signs of His Coming: Major Biblical Prophecies Being Fulfilled In Our Generation”, Taylor Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 097629334X, p. 220
^ ”over 20 million were martyred in Soviet prison camps”, Todd M. Johnson, “Christian Martyrdom: A global demographic assessment“ Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine., p. 4
^ John Shelton Curtis, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little Brown, 1953); Jane Ellis, The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Dimitry V. Pospielovsky, The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime 1917-1982 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1984); idem., A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies (New York; St. Martin’s Press, 1987); Glennys Young, Power and the Sacred in Revolutionary Russia: Religious Activists in the Village (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); William B. Husband, “Godless Communists”: Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000; Edward Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905-1946 (Bloomington, Indiana, 2002)

Bibliografi

And God Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929. Author: Paul Gabel ISBN 1-59102-306-8 [1]
Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless Author: Daniel Peris Publisher: Cornell University Press ISBN 0801434858 ISBN 978-0801434853 [2]
The Plot to Kill God: Findings from the Soviet Experiment in Secularization Author: Paul Froese Publisher: University of California Press ISBN 0520255291 ISBN 978-0520255296 [3]
Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival Author: Christopher Marsh ISBN 1441112472 ISBN 978-1441112477
Russian Society and the Orthodox Church: Religion in Russia after Communism Author: Zoe Knox Publisher: Routledge (August 13, 2009)ISBN 0415546168 ISBN 978-0415546164 [4]
"Godless communists": atheism and society in Soviet Russia, 1917-1932 Author: William Husband Publisher: Northern Illinois University Press ISBN 0875802575 ISBN 978-0875802572 [5]
Secularism Soviet Style: Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic Author: Sonja Luehrmann Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN 0253356989 ISBN 978-0253356987
Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia Author: Victoria Frede Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0299284441 ISBN 978-0299284442 [6]
After Atheism: Religion and Ethnicity in Russia and Central Asia (Caucasus World) Author: David C. Lewis Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 0312226926 ISBN 978-0312226923 [7]
Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution Author: Vera Shevzov Oxford University Press, USA ISBN 0195335473 ISBN 978-0195335477 [8]
The Heart of Russia: Trinity-Sergius, Monasticism, and Society after 1825 Author: Scott M. Kenworthy Oxford University Press, USA ISBN 9780199736133
State Secularism and Lived Religion in Soviet Russia and Ukraine Editor: Catherine Wanner Oxford University Press USA ISBN 9780199937639