Kebudayaan Hügelgräber

Kebudayaan Hügelgräber
Nama lainKebudayaan Tumulus
Jangkauan
geografis
Eropa
PeriodeZaman perunggu Eropa
Tanggalk. 1600 SM – k. 1200 SM
Didahului olehKebudayaan Aunjetitzer
Diikuti olehKebudayaan Urnenfelder

Kebudayaan Hügelgräber (bahasa Jerman: Hügelgräberkultur), juga disebut sebagai kebudayaan Tumulus (bahasa Latin: Tumulus cultus), adalah kebudayaan arkeologis yang ditemukan di Eropa Tengah. Kebudayaan ini pernah berlangsung selama Zaman Perunggu Pertengahan (k. 1600 – 1200 SM).

Kebudayaan ini merupakan kelanjutan dari kebudayaan Aunjetitzer. Pusat kebudayaannya adalah daerah yang sebelumnya ditempati oleh kebudayaan Aunjetitzer selain di Bayern dan Württemberg. Selanjutnya, kebudayaan Hügelgräber digantikan oleh kebudayaan Urnenfelder.

Kebudayaan Hügelgräber dibedakan dengan cara penguburan jenazah di bawah gundukan tanah, disebut sebagai tumulus atau kurgan.

Pada tahun 1902, Paul Reinecke membedakan sejumlah cakrawala budaya berdasarkan penelitian timbunan Zaman Perunggu dan tumulus pada periode yang dicakup oleh lingkup kebudayaan tersebut ditunjukkan pada tabel di bawah ini. Kebudayaan Hügelgräber lazim selama periode Zaman Perunggu B, C1, dan C2. Tumulus telah digunakan di tempat lain di Eropa dari Zaman Batu hingga Zaman Besi. Dalam tabel di bawah ini, Ha menunjukkan Hallstatt. Lingkup arkeologi Hallstatt A–B adalah bagian dari kebudayaan Urnenfelder pada Zaman Perunggu, sedangkan lingkup C–D adalah jenis situs untuk kebudayaan Hallstatt pada Zaman Besi.

Zaman Perunggu Eropa Tengah
Zaman Perunggu Akhir
Ha B2/3 800–950 SM
Ha B1 950–1050 SM
Ha A2 1050–1100 SM
Ha A1 1100–1200 SM
Bz D 1200–1300 SM
Zaman Perunggu Pertengahan
Bz C2 1300–1400 SM
Bz C1 1400–1500 SM
Bz B 1500–1600 SM
Zaman Perunggu Awal
Bz A2 1600–2000 SM
Bz A1 2000–2200 SM

Masyarakat di kebudayaan Hügelgräber umumnya merupakan prajurit, yang kemudian berkembang menjadi kepala suku baru hingga ke timur di Cekungan Pannonia (sampai sungai Tisza), dan ke utara ke wilayah Nětice di Polandia, Eropa Tengah. Permukiman kebudayaan yang tersebar berpusat pada struktur yang dibentengi. Beberapa cendekiawan melihat kumpulan tumulus dari Jerman bagian selatan dalam konteks ini berhubungan dengan masyarakat penutur Indo-Eropa Kuno, seperti hipotetis rumpun Italo-Kelt yang merupakan leluhur dari Italik dan Kelt.[1][2] Hipotesis khusus ini, bertentangan dengan pendapat dari ahli bahasa Indo-Eropa lainnya. Misalnya, David W. Anthony berpendapat bahwa penutur bahasa Proto-Italik (dan mungkin juga Proto-Kelt) kemungkinan memasuki Italia bagian utara pada tahap lebih awal, dari timur (yaitu dari Balkan/Adriatik).[3]

Referensi

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Kortlandt, Frederik. 2007a. Italo-Celtic origins and prehistoric development of the Irish language (Amsterdam: Rodopi).
  2. ^ Eska, J. F. 2010. The emergence of the Celtic languages. In The Celtic Languages, second edition edited by M. J. Ball and N. Müller. London: Routledge.
  3. ^ David W. Anthony, 2010, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World , Princeton University Press, p. 367.

Daftar pustaka

  • Nora Kershaw Chadwick, J. X. W. P. Corcoran, The Celts (1970), p. 27.[1]
  • Barbara Ann Kipfer, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology (2000)

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