Ilmu dan teknologi di dinasti Song

A reddish purple rectangular piece of paper, about two times as long as it is wide, with a design divided into three sections. The top section depicts ten circles in two rows of five. The middle section is several lines of text, vertically ruled, and the bottom section depicts several men standing in front of a gate.
Jiaozi, mata uang cetakan kertas pertama di dunia, inovasi Song.

Dinasti Song (Hanzi: 宋朝; 960–1279 M) menyumbang beberapa kemajuan teknologi paling signifikan dalam sejarah Tiongkok, banyak di antaranya berasal dari para negarawan berbakat yang dirancang oleh pemerintah melalui ujian kenegaraan. Dinasti ini merupakan yang paling cemerlang dalam sejarah Kekaisaran Tiongkok.

Kecerdasan teknik mesin canggih memiliki tradisi panjang di Tiongkok. Insinyur Song, Su Song mengakui bahwa dia dan orang-orang sezamannya membangun berdasarkan prestasi orang-orang kuno seperti Zhang Heng (78–139), seorang astronom, penemu, dan master roda gigi mekanis awal.[1] Penerapan cetak huruf lepas membantu perkembangan penggunaan cetak blok kayu yang sudah tersebar luas untuk mendidik dan memikat para siswa dan massa Konfusian. Penerapan senjata baru menggunakan bubuk mesiu memungkinkan Song untuk menangkal musuh-musuh militannya—Liao, Xia Barat, dan Jin dengan senjata seperti meriam—sampai keruntuhannya di tangan pasukan Mongol Kublai Khan pada akhir abad ke-13.

Kemajuan penting dalam teknik sipil, nautika, dan metalurgi dicapai dalam masa Tiongkok Song, serta pengenalan kincir angin ke Tiongkok selama abad ketiga belas. Kemajuan-kemajuan ini, beserta dengan pengenalan uang cetakan kertas, membantu merevolusi dan menyokong ekonomi Dinasti Song.

Polimatik dan teknik mesin

An expert from the painting "Along the River During Qingming Festival" depicting a simple building with a triangular roof. It appears that the teahouse is at the top floor of a multi-floor building, however the rest of the building is not shown.
Diagram asli buku karya Su Song tahun 1092, menunjukkan perlengkapan bagian dalam dari menara jam yang dibuatnya, dengan tangki klepsidra], sebuah roda air dengan sendok dan bocoran, sebuah penggerak rantai, bola armiler memahkotai bagian atas, dan roda berputar dengan dongkrak jam yang berbunyi menandai pergantian jam dengan lonceng, gong, dan drum.[2]

Polimatik

Para jenius polimatik—yaitu orang yang berpengetahuan luas dalam berbagai topik ensiklopedia—seperti Shen Kuo (1031-1095) dan Su Song (1020-1101) mewujudkan semangat ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi empiris awal pada zaman Song. Shen terkenal karena menemukan konsep utara sejati dan deklinasi magnetik terhadap Kutub Utara dengan menghitung pengukuran meridian astronomi yang lebih akurat, dan memperbaiki posisi terhitung dari bintang kutub yang telah bergeser selama berabad-abad.[3] Hal ini memungkinkan para pelaut untuk melakukan navigasi lautan secara lebih akurat dengan kompas jarum magnet, juga pertama kali dideskripsikan oleh Shen.[3] Shen menjadi terkenal karena deskripsi tertulisnya mengenai Bi Sheng, penemu cetak huruf lepas. Shen juga tertarik pada geologi, karena dia merumuskan teori geomorfologi dan perubahan iklim dari waktu ke waktu setelah melakukan pengamatan terhadap fenomena alam yang aneh.[4][5] Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan kontemporer tentang gerhana matahari dan gerhana bulan, dia berteori bahwa matahari dan bulan berbentuk bola, bukan datar, ketika mengembangkan pemikiran para ahli teori astronomi Tiongkok sebelumnya.[6] Bersama dengan rekannya Wei Pu di Biro Astronomi, Shen menggunakan hipotesis kosmologis ketika mendeskripsikan variasi gerakan planet, termasuk retrogradasi.[7][8] Salah satu prestasi terbesar Shen, dibantu oleh Wei Pu, adalah mengoreksi galat kamariah dengan rajin merekam dan menggambar lintasan orbit bulan tiga kali semalam selama periode lima tahun.[9] Sayangnya Shen memiliki banyak saingan politik di istana yang bertekad untuk menyabot karyanya. Istana sepenuhnya menerima koreksi mereka terhadap galat kamariah dan syamsiah, tetapi hanya sebagian yang menyetujui gambaran perbaikan lintasan orbit planet dari Shen dan Wei dan berbagai kecepatan.[9]

Lihat pula

Referensi

Kutipan

  1. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 466.
  2. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 165 & 455.
  3. ^ a b Sivin, III, 22.
  4. ^ Sivin, III, 23.
  5. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 618.
  6. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 415-416.
  7. ^ Sivin, III, 16.
  8. ^ Sivin, III, 19.
  9. ^ a b Sivin, III, 18-19.

Sumber

  • Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ebrey, Walthall, Palais, (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43519-6 (hardback); ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
  • Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1997). Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc.
  • Gernet, Jacques (1982). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hartwell, Robert (1966). Markets, Technology and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry. Journal of Economic History 26.
  • Levathes (1994). When China Ruled the Seas. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-70158-4.
  • Morton, Scott and Charlton Lewis (2005). China: Its History and Culture: Fourth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology, the Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Partington, James Riddick (1960). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.
  • Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
  • Unschuld, Paul U. (2003). Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wagner, Donald B. "The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Volume 44 2001): 175-197.
  • Wright, David Curtis (2001) The History of China. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Wu, Jing-nuan (2005). An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica. New York: Oxford University Press.

Pranala luar

Bubuk mesiu dan "senjata api"
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