Crocodyloidea

Crocodyloidea
Rentang waktu: Kapur Akhir - Sekarang, 70–0 jtyl
Crocodylus niloticus (Buaya Nil)
Klasifikasi ilmiah Sunting klasifikasi ini
Domain: Eukaryota
Kerajaan: Animalia
Filum: Chordata
Kelas: Reptilia
Klad: Archosauromorpha
Klad: Archosauriformes
Ordo: Crocodilia
Klad: Longirostres
Superfamili: Crocodyloidea
Subkelompok

Crocodyloidea adalah salah satu dari tiga superfamili crocodylia, selain Alligatoroidea dan Gavialoidea, dan ini termasuk buaya. Crocodyloidea mungkin juga termasuk Mekosuchinae yang sudah punah,[1][2] dari Australasia pada Eosen sampai Holosen, meskipun ini diperdebatkan.[3][4]

Klasifikasi

Secara kladistika, kelompok ini didefinisikan sebagai Crocodylus niloticus (buaya Nil) dan semua crocodylia yang lebih berkerabat dekat ke C. niloticus daripada Alligator mississippiensis (aligator Amerika) atau Gavialis gangeticus (gharial).[5] Ini adalah definisi berbasis batang untuk buaya, dan lebih inklusif daripada kelompok mahkota Crocodylidae.[3] Sebagai kelompok mahkota, Crocodylidae hanya mengandung nenek moyang bersama paling terkini dari buaya hidup dan keturunannya (hidup maupun punah), dimana Crocodyloidea, sebagai kelompok batang, juga mengandung nenek moyang buaya basal yang sudah punah yang lebih dekat ke buaya daripada aligator atau Gavialidae. Saat hanya menganggap takson hidup (neontologi), ini membuat Crocodyloidea dan Crocodylidae menjadi sinonim, dan hanya Crocodylidae yang digunakan. Dengan demikian, Crocodyloidea hanya digunakan dalam konteks paleontologi.

Secara tradisional, buaya dan aligator dianggap lebih berkerabat dekat dan dikelompokkan bersama dalam klad Brevirostres, tanpa memasukkan gavial. Klasifikasi ini dibuat berdasarkan penelitian morfologis yang fokus utamanya adalah menganalisis ciri-ciri kerangka dari spesies fosil hidup dan punah.[6] Namun, penelitian molekuler terkini yang menggunakan pengurutan DNA telah menolak Brevirostres karena menemukan bahwa buaya dan Gavialidea lebih berkerabat dekat daripada aligator.[3][4][7][8][9] Klad baru Longirostres dinamai oleh Harshman et al. pada tahun 2003.[7]

Sebuah penelitian penanggalan ujung oleh Lee & Yates tahun 2018 berulang kali menggunakan data morfologis, molekular (pengurutan DNA), dan stratigrafis (usia fosil) mendirikan kekerabatan dalam Crocodilia,[3] yang diperluas pada tahun 2021 oleh Hekkala et al. menggunakan paleogenomika dengan mengekstrak DNA dari Voay.[4]

Kladogram di bawah menunjukkan hasil penelitian terbaru, dan bagaimana Crocodyloidea kemungkinan hanya mengandung satu takson tambahan diatas Crocodylidae:

Crocodylia
Alligatoroidea

Alligatoroid basal yang sudah punah

Alligatoridae
Caimaninae

Caiman

Melanosuchus

Paleosuchus

Alligatorinae

Alligator

(kelompok mahkota)
(kelompok berbasis batang)

Crocodilia basal yang sudah punah (termasuk Mekosuchinae)

Longirostres
Crocodyloidea

"Crocodylus" megarhinus

Crocodylidae

Crocodylus

Mecistops

Osteolaemus

(kelompok mahkota)
(kelompok berbasis batang)
Gavialoidea

Gavialoid basal yang sudah punah

Gavialidae

Gavialis

Tomistoma

(kelompok mahkota)
(kelompok berbasis batang)
(kelompok mahkota)
(kelompok mahkota)

Referensi

  1. ^ Stein, Michael D.; Yates, Adam; Hand, Suzanne J.; Archer, Michael (2017). "Variation in the pelvic and pectoral girdles of Australian Oligo–Miocene mekosuchine crocodiles with implications for locomotion and habitus". PeerJ. 5: e3501. doi:10.7717/peerj.3501. PMC 5494174alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 28674657. 
  2. ^ Iijima, M.; Kobayashi, Y. (2019). "Mosaic nature in the skeleton of East Asian crocodylians fills the morphological gap between "Tomistominae" and Gavialinae". Cladistics. 35 (6): 623–632. doi:10.1111/cla.12372. 
  3. ^ a b c d Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 6030529alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 30051855. 
  4. ^ a b c Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395alt=Dapat diakses gratis Periksa nilai |pmc= (bantuan). PMID 33907305 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  5. ^ Brochu, Christopher A. (May 2003). "Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 31 (31): 360. Bibcode:2003AREPS..31..357B. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308. 
  6. ^ Holliday, Casey M.; Gardner, Nicholas M. (2012). Farke, Andrew A, ed. "A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30471. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730471H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030471alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 3269432alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 22303441. 
  7. ^ a b Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi:10.1080/10635150309323alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 12775527. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2022-10-09. Diakses tanggal 2021-11-15. 
  8. ^ Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID 18372192. 
  9. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D.; Webb, G. J. W. (2012). Claessens, Leon, ed. "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 3303775alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 22431965. 

Templat:Crocodilia punah


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