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Benggala

Benggala
Zona berbahasa Benggala.
  Area di mana bahasa merupakan mayoritas.
  Area di mana bahasa merupakan minoritas.
Teluk Benggala

Benggala (bahasa Bengali: বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit. Bangla/Bôngô, diucapkan: [ˈbɔŋgo] simak) merupakan sebuah istilah geografi sejarah, etnolinguistik dan budaya yang merujuk pada wilayah di bagian timur anak benua India di atas Teluk Benggala. Wilayah Benggala inti terbagi antara Bangladesh dan negara bagian Benggala Barat, India. Negara bagian Assam, Jharkhand dan Tripura juga memiliki populasi etnis Benggala yang besar. Diaspora Benggala yang besar ada di seluruh dunia. Bahasa Benggala merupakan bahasa berpenutur terbanyak keenam di dunia.

Beragam masyarakat Indo-Arya, Dravida, Austrik dan masyarakat lainnya telah menghuni wilayah ini sejak antikuitas. Kerajaan Wangga kuno dinamakan berdasarkan wilayah Benggala.[1] Kalender Benggala berasal dari rezim Shashanka pada abad ke-7. Kekaisaran Pala didirikan di Benggala pada abad ke-8. Dinasti Sena dan dinasti Deva menguasai dari abad ke-11 hingga ke-13. Pada abad ke-14, dikuasai dengan penaklukan anak benua India oleh Muslim. Kesultanan Benggala yang independen dibentuk dan menjadi batas dunia Islam di timur.[2][3][4] Selama periode ini, kekuasaan dan pengaruh Benggala menyebar ke Assam, Arakan, Tripura, Bihar dan Orissa.[5][6] Subah Benggala kemudian menjadi provinsi paling makmur di Kekaisaran Mughal.

Nawab Benggala independen yang terakhir dikalahkan pada 1757 di Pertempuran Plassey oleh Perusahaan Hindia Timur. Kepresidenan Benggala milik perusahaan berkembang menjadi unit administratif terbesar di India Britania dengan Calcutta sebagai ibu kota Benggala dan India hingga 1911. Akibat dari pemisahan Benggala pertama, provinsi berumur pendek bernama Benggala Timur dan Assam berdiri dari 1905 hingga 1911 dengan ibu kota di bekas ibu kota Mughal, Dhaka. Setelah referendum Sylhet dan pemungutan suara oleh Dewan Legislatif Benggala dan Majelis Legislatif Benggala, wilayah ini kembali dipisahkan dengan garis agama pada 1947.

Budaya Benggala, khususnya sastra, musik, seni dan perfilman terkenal di Asia Selatan dan sekitarnya. Wilayah ini juga terkenal dengan ilmuwan ekonomi dan sosial, termasuk beberapa penerima Nobel. Pernah menjadi tempat bagi kota dengan pemasukan per kapita tertinggi di India Britania,[7][8] wilayah ini sekarang merupakan pemimpin di Asia Selatan dalam hal paritas gender, kesenjangan upah berdasarkan gender dan indeks pembangunan manusia lainnya.[9][10][11][12][13]

Catatan

Rujukan

[14] [15]

  1. ^ "Vanga | ancient kingdom, India". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
  2. ^ "The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760". 
  3. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". 
  4. ^ "Know your history". 27 November 2022. 
  5. ^ David Lewis (31 October 2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-139-50257-3.
  6. ^ Perween Hasan (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0. "[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."
  7. ^ "Looking ahead retrospectively: A Bangladeshi perspective | ORF". 
  8. ^ "Reviving the Bengal Presidency template of connectivity". 8 October 2018. 
  9. ^ https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html
  10. ^ https://www.thedailystar.net/top-news/bangladesh-ahead-india-social-indicators-amartya-3540
  11. ^ https://theprint.in/economy/bangladesh-is-better-off-than-india-not-a-poor-backward-neighbour-anymore/132363/
  12. ^ https://www.undp.org/bangladesh/blog/new-directions-human-development-bangladesh
  13. ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/bangladesh-marches-ahead-of-india-in-global-gender-gap-index/articleshow/72897529.cms
  14. ^ Eaton, R. M. (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9. Diakses tanggal 7 January 2017. 
  15. ^ Lawrence B. Lesser. "Historical Perspective". A Country Study: Bangladesh (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 1988). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress

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