鼠龍屬

鼠龍屬
化石时期：三疊紀晚期，215–203 Ma
鼠龍的幼體標本
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目： 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目： 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目： †蜥脚形亚目 Sauropodomorpha
科： †鼠龙科 Mussauridae
Bonaparte & Vince, 1979
属： †鼠龍屬 Mussaurus
Bonaparte & Vince, 1979
模式種
†巴塔哥尼亞鼠龍
Mussaurus patagonicus
Bonaparte & Vince, 1979

鼠龍（屬名：Mussaurus，意為「老鼠蜥蜴」）是一屬植食性蜥腳形亞目恐龍，生存於三疊紀晚期的阿根廷南部，約2億1500萬年前。鼠龍得名於幼體和青少年體骨骼的微小體型，這些曾被認為是本屬唯一已知的標本，然而現在已經得知鼠龍的成年標本了[1]，這個屬名成為某種程度上的誤會；成體身長可達6公尺，體重超過1噸。[2]鼠龍具有一些解剖特徵，代表著演化關係上可能接近真正蜥腳下目的過渡階段。[3]

發現

成年鼠龍的復原圖

鼠龍的幼體和青少年體化石最早由何塞·波拿巴（Jose Bonaparte）所帶領的挖掘團隊於1970年代在赤湖層（英语：Laguna Colorada Formation）（Laguna Colorada Formation）發現。[3]雖然這些標本年齡小，但由肢骨、骨盆可以辨認出是種原始的蜥腳形亞目。[3]團隊還在那裡發現了蛋化石和蛋巢，提供研究鼠龍與其他蜥腳形亞目繁衍方式的進一步資訊。[3]最早的成年鼠龍標本於2013年敘述，其中有些曾於1980年被敘述，本來被歸入板龍。[1]

分類

在發現成體標本之前，鼠龍的系統發生學位置難以確認。已知的幼體和青少年體化石比成體標本顯示了更多基礎特徵。此外，最近發現歸入鼠龍的一具亞成體和三具成體標本比其他歸入本屬的標本更為完整。於是Otero和Pol（2013）進行基礎蜥腳形亞目的支序分析，以檢驗鼠龍的系統發生學位置，其中僅參考了成體標本的資訊。以下簡易演化樹取自該篇研究（板龍類以外的關係不再此贅述）：[1]

 板龍類
Plateosauria 
 

呂勒龍
Ruehleia

 
 板龍科
Plateosauridae 
 

黑水龍
Unaysaurus

 
 

恩氏板龍
Plateosaurus engelhardti

 
 

纖細板龍
Plateosaurus gracilis

 
 
 大腳類
Massopoda 
 里奧哈龍科
Riojasauridae 
 

優脛龍
Eucnemesaurus

 
 

里奧哈龍
Riojasaurus

 
 
 
 
 

懦弱龍
Ignavusaurus

 
 

莎拉龍
Sarahsaurus

 
 
 
 大椎龍科
Massospondylidae 
 
 

科羅拉多斯龍
Coloradisaurus

 
 

冰河龍
Glacialisaurus

 
 

祿豐龍
Lufengosaurus

 
 
 
 

大椎龍
Massospondylus

 
 
 

遠食龍
Adeopapposaurus

 
 

萊氏龍
Leyesaurus

 
 
 
 
 蜥腳形類Sauropodiformes 
 

金山龍
Jingshanosaurus

 
 近蜥龍類
Anchisauria 
 

近蜥龍
Anchisaurus

 
 

沙怪龍
Seitaad

 
 

雲南龍
Yunnanosaurus

 
 
 

鼠龍
Mussaurus

 
 
 

地爪龍
Aardonyx

 
 
 

利奧尼拉龍
Leonerasaurus

 
 
 黑丘龍科
Melanorosauridae 
 

卡米洛特龍
Camelotia

 
 

黑丘龍
Melanorosaurus

 
 
 蜥腳下目Sauropoda 
 

貝里肯龍
Blikanasaurus

 
 
 
 

雷前龍
Antetonitrus

 
 

萊森龍
Lessemsaurus

 
 
 
 

珙縣龍
Gongxianosaurus

 
 
 

伊森龍
Isanosaurus

 
 沉重龍類
Gravisauria 
 火山齒龍科
Vulcanodontidae 
 

塔鄒達龍
Tazoudasaurus

 
 

火山齒龍
Vulcanodon

 
 
 真蜥腳類
Eusauropoda 
 
 

巨腳龍
Barapasaurus

 
 

巴塔哥龍
Patagosaurus

 
 
 
 

蜀龍
Shunosaurus

 
 
 
 

峨嵋龍
Omeisaurus

 
 

馬門溪龍
Mamenchisaurus

 
 
 
 

鯨龍
Cetiosaurus

 
 

新蜥腳類
Neosauropoda

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

古生物學

幼體覓食二叉羊齒屬的想像圖

繁衍

鼠龍的標本被發現與蛋巢關聯在一起，並相信每個巢穴有多顆蛋。鼠龍幼體骨骼很小，不包含尾部只有6英寸（15厘米），總長20至37公分，約同於小蜥蜴的長度。青少年體在體型與質量上都與成體有所差異。鼠龍幼體具有帶著短吻部和大型眼眶的較高頭部，如同恐龍中的普遍情況。這樣的身體比例在許多脊椎動物幼體中很常見，並經常關聯到在脆弱生命早期階段提供親子養育的物種。成體吻部和頸部估計更長，是早期蜥腳形亞目的典型特徵。[3]

活動

2019年5月的一份研究表示，雖然鼠龍出生後的第一年內可能以四足步行，但成長過程中身體比例的變化使重心向後移至骨盆，將使動物在成年後採用二足步行（英语：bipedalism）。[2][4]

社會行為

2021年的研究發現鼠龍族群的遺骸分部有年齡分區現象，並以公共方式築巢，將蛋和剛孵化的幼體集中在一區，周遭分布著稍長的幼體群，而成體以單獨或成對四散於各處，顯示幼體可能待在如「學校」般的公共巢穴，成體則外出覓食。牠們可能沒有單一父母的家庭概念，而是眾多親屬共同照料的大家族模式。過去也在其他蜥腳類（如泰坦巨龍類）發現群聚築巢的行為，鼠龍則是目前已知展現群居行為最古老的證據，推測該行為的起源可能更早，也可能反映著早期恐龍在演化競爭下具備的關鍵優勢之一。[5][6]

大眾文化

鼠龍曾在麥可·克萊頓（Michael Crichton）的科幻小說《侏羅紀公園2：失落的世界》中短暫出現。

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Otero, A.; Pol, D. Postcranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Mussaurus patagonicus (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2013, 33 (5): 1138. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.769444. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Otero, Alejandro; Cuff, Andrew R.; Allen, Vivian; Sumner-Rooney, Lauren; Pol, Diego; Hutchinson, John R. Ontogenetic changes in the body plan of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Mussaurus patagonicus reveal shifts of locomotor stance during growth. Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). 2019-05-20, 9 (1): 7614. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6527699 可免费查阅. PMID 31110190. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44037-1. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Mussaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 40. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.
  4. ^ Geggel, Laura. No, That Baby Dinosaur Didn't Crawl. But It Did Walk on 4 Legs As an Infant.. Live Science. 2019-05-28 [2019-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-01）. 
  5. ^ Mark Waghorn. Over 100 dinosaur eggs discovered in Argentina. INDEPENDENT. 2021-10-23 [2021-10-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）. 
  6. ^ Pol, D.; Mancuso, A.C.; Smith, R.M.H.; Ramezani, J.; Cerda, I.A.; Otero, A.; Fernandez, V. Earliest evidence of herd-living and age segregation amongst dinosaurs. Scientific Reports. 2021, 11: Article number 20023. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99176-1. 

延伸閱讀

  • Bonaparte, J. F.; Vince, M. El hallazgo del primer nido de dinosaurios triasicos, (Saurischia, Prosauropoda), Triasico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina [The discovery of the first nest of Triassic dinosaurs (Saurischia, Prosauropoda,) from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia, Argentina]. Ameghiniana. 1979, 16 (1–2): 173–182. 
  • Pol, D.; Powell, J. E. Skull anatomy of Mussaurus patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Patagonia. Historical Biology. 2007, 19 (1): 125–144. doi:10.1080/08912960601140085. 

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