黄铁矿

黃鐵礦
来自秘鲁安卡什Huanzala矿的有光泽的立方黄铁矿晶体,一些表面显示出特征性的条纹。
(尺寸:7.0 × 5.0 × 2.5 cm)
基本資料
類別硫化物矿物
化学式FeS2
IMA記號Py[1]
施特龙茨分类2.EB.05a
戴納礦物分類2.12.1.1
晶体分类五角十二面體 (m3)
H-M记号:(2/m 3)
晶体空间群Pa3
晶胞a = 5.417 Å, Z = 4
性質
顏色淡銅黃色反光;使颜色变暗和呈虹彩
晶体惯态立方体,面可能有条纹,但也经常是八面体和五角十二面体。常相互生长、块状、放射状、粒状、球状和钟乳状。
晶系立方
雙晶渗透和接触孪晶
解理{001}模糊;{011}和{111}分离
断口严重參差狀,有時貝殼狀
韌性/脆性
莫氏硬度6–6.5
光澤金屬光澤
條痕綠黑色至棕黑色
透明性不透明
比重4.95–5.10
密度4.8–5g/cm³
熔性2.5–3
其他特徵抗磁性
參考文獻[2][3][4][5]

黄铁矿(英語:pyrite),别名硫鐵礦愚人金,化学式为FeS
2
二硫化亚铁),是最丰富的硫化物矿物。黄铁矿的金属光泽和淡黄铜黄色的色调使它表面上与黄金相似,因此有愚人金的绰号。黃鐵礦是提取、制造硫酸的主要矿物原料。其特殊的形态色泽,有观赏价值。一些黄铁矿磨制成宝石也很受欢迎。

黄铁矿通常与石英沉积岩变质岩以及煤层中的其他硫化物或氧化物伴生,并作为化石中的替代矿物。[6]

發現

黃鐵礦是最常見的硫化物礦物,廣泛存在於火成岩變質岩沈積岩中。它是火成岩中常見的副礦物,偶爾也會出現在原始岩漿中由不混溶的硫化物相產生的較大塊狀礦物中。它作為接觸變質作用的產物存在於變質岩中。它也形成為高溫熱液礦物,儘管偶爾會在較低溫度下形成。[2]

黃鐵礦既作為原生礦物存在於原始沉積物中,又作為次生礦物在成岩作用中沉積。[2]在還原環境條件下形成黑色頁岩和其他沉積岩中的化石之後,黃鐵礦和白鐵礦通常作為其替代假象出現。[7]黃鐵礦作為頁岩中的副礦物很常見,它是由缺氧海水沉澱形成的,煤層通常含有大量的黃鐵礦。[8]

用途

斯洛伐克佩尔内克附近废弃的黄铁矿矿井

用作火源

黄铁矿在16世纪和17世纪曾短暂流行,作为早期火器的点火源,最著名的是簧轮枪,其中将黄铁矿样品放在圆形锉刀上摩擦以产生开火所需的火花。[9]

黄铁矿、燧石和一种由南澳大利亚的Kaurna人用桉树皮制成的火种一起作为一种传统的生火方法使用。[10]

生产硫酸亚铁

黄铁矿自古典时代就被用于生产硫酸亚铁。黄铁矿被堆积起来并使其风化(早期形式的堆浸法)。然后将堆中的酸性浸出物与铁一起煮沸以生成硫酸亚铁。在15世纪,这种浸出的新方法开始取代燃烧硫作为硫酸的来源。到19世纪时,这已成为主流方法。[11]

生产硫酸

黄铁矿仍然在商业上用于生产二氧化硫,用于造纸业硫酸生产等。黄铁矿在540 °C(1,004 °F)开始热分解为硫化亚铁(FeS)和元素;在大约700 °C(1,292 °F)时,pS2约为1 atm[12]

作电极材料

黄铁矿的一个较新的商业用途是作为劲量牌不可充电锂电池阴极材料。[13]

黄铁矿是一种能隙为0.95eV半导体材料[14]纯黄铁矿在晶体和薄膜形式中都是天然的n型,这可能是由于黄铁矿晶体结构中的硫空位充当n掺杂剂。[15]

用作半导体

在20世纪初,黄铁矿被用作无线电接收器中的晶体检波器,至今仍被矿石收音机爱好者使用。在真空管成熟之前,晶体检波器是最灵敏、最可靠的检波器——在矿物类型之间甚至在特定类型的矿物中的单个样品之间存在相当大的差异。黄铁矿检波器占据了方铅矿检波器和机械更复杂的Perikon矿物检波器的中间点。黄铁矿检波器可以像现代1N34A二极管检波器一样灵敏。[16][17]

黄铁矿已被提议作为低成本光伏太阳能电池板中丰富、无毒、廉价的材料。[18]合成硫化亚铁与硫化铜一起用于制造光伏材料。[19]最近正致力于开发完全由黄铁矿制成的薄膜太阳能电池。[15]

制作珠宝

黄铁矿用于制造白铁矿首饰。白铁矿首饰由小切面黄铁矿制成,通常镶嵌在中,自古以来就为人所知,并在维多利亚时代流行。[20]当该术语在珠宝制作中变得普遍时,“白铁矿”指的是所有二硫化亚铁矿物,包括黄铁矿,而不是斜方晶系的FeS2矿物白铁矿,它颜色较浅,易碎且化学性质不稳定,因此不适合制作珠宝。白铁矿首饰实际上不含白铁矿。当黄铁矿的标本表现为优质晶体时经常用于装饰。它们在矿物收藏方面也很受欢迎。提供最佳标本的地点包括索里亚省和拉里奥哈省(西班牙)。[21]

按价值计算,中国(4700万美元)是全球进口未焙烧黄铁矿的最大市场,占全球进口量的65%。中国也是未焙烧黄铁矿进口增长最快的国家,2007年至2016年的复合年均增长率为+27.8%。[22]

危害

黃鐵礦立方體(中心)已從主岩中溶解,留下微量金

當暴露於地球表面普遍存在的氧化條件下時,黃鐵礦不穩定:黃鐵礦與大氣中的氧氣和水接觸,最終分解成水鐵礦(FeO(OH))和硫酸H
2
SO
4
)。該過程通過氧化黃鐵礦首先產生亞鐵離子Fe2+
)和硫酸根離子 (SO2−
4
),並釋放氫正離子(H+)。然後亞鐵離子被氧氣氧化成鐵離子(Fe3+
)水解並釋放H+產生FeO(OH)。當黃鐵礦被精細分散(最初由泥質沉積物中的硫酸鹽還原菌形成的菱形晶體或採礦作業產生的粉塵)時,這些氧化反應發生得更快。

參考資料

  1. ^ Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85: 291–320 [2022-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-22). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis. Manual of Mineralogy需要免费注册 20th. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 1985: 285–286. ISBN 978-0-471-80580-9. 
  3. ^ Pyrite. Webmineral.com. [2011-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01). 
  4. ^ Pyrite. Mindat.org. [2011-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-12). 
  5. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (编). Pyrite (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. I (Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. 1990 [2022-04-22]. ISBN 978-0962209734. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-06-29). 
  6. ^ Armor-plated snail discovered in deep sea. news.nationalgeographic.com (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society). [2016-08-29]. (原始内容存档于2005-03-26). 
  7. ^ Briggs, D. E. G.; Raiswell, R.; Bottrell, S. H.; Hatfield, D.; Bartels, C. Controls on the pyritization of exceptionally preserved fossils; an analysis of the Lower Devonian Hunsrueck Slate of Germany. American Journal of Science. 1996-06-01, 296 (6): 633–663. Bibcode:1996AmJS..296..633B. ISSN 0002-9599. doi:10.2475/ajs.296.6.633 (英语). 
  8. ^ Nesse, William D. Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000: 390. ISBN 9780195106916. 
  9. ^ Larson, Bruce. Firearms. An Interpretation of Firearms in the Archaeological Record in Virginia 1607-1625 1. 2003-01-01: 413–418.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  10. ^ Schultz, Chester. Place Name Summary 6/23: Brukangga and Tindale's uses of the word bruki (PDF). Adelaide Research & Scholarship. University of Adelaide. 22 October 2018 [16 November 2020]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-09-10). 
  11. ^ Industrial England in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century. Nature. 1910-04-28, 83 (2113): 264–268. Bibcode:1910Natur..83..264.. S2CID 34019869. doi:10.1038/083264a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t63497b2h可免费查阅. 
  12. ^ Rosenqvist, Terkel. Principles of extractive metallurgy 2nd. Tapir Academic Press. 2004: 52. ISBN 978-82-519-1922-7. 
  13. ^ Lithium-Iron Disulfide (Li-FeS2) (PDF). Handbook and Application Manual. Energizer Corporation. 2017-09-19 [2018-04-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2006-03-17).  |article=被忽略 (帮助)
  14. ^ Ellmer, K. & Tributsch, H. Iron Disulfide (Pyrite) as Photovoltaic Material: Problems and Opportunities. Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion – (QUANTSOL 2000). 2000-03-11. (原始内容存档于2010-01-15). 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Xin Zhang & Mengquin Li. Potential resolution to the doping puzzle in iron pyrite: Carrier type determination by Hall effect and thermopower. Physical Review Materials. 2017-06-19, 1 (1): 015402. Bibcode:2017PhRvM...1a5402Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.1.015402可免费查阅. 
  16. ^ The Principles Underlying Radio Communication. U.S. Army Signal Corps. Radio Pamphlet 40. 1918. section 179, pp 302–305 –通过Google Books. 
  17. ^ Thomas H. Lee. The Design of Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits 2nd. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2004: 4–6. ISBN 9780521835398 –通过Google Books. 
  18. ^ Wadia, Cyrus; Alivisatos, A. Paul; Kammen, Daniel M. Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photovoltaics deployment. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009, 43 (6): 2072–7. Bibcode:2009EnST...43.2072W. PMID 19368216. S2CID 36725835. doi:10.1021/es8019534. 
  19. ^ Sanders, Robert. Cheaper materials could be key to low-cost solar cells. Berkeley, CA: University of California – Berkeley. 17 February 2009 [2022-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-29). 
  20. ^ Hesse, Rayner W. Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007: 15. ISBN 978-0-313-33507-5. 
  21. ^ Calvo, Miguel and Sevillano, Emilia. Pyrite crystals from Soria and La Rioja provinces, Spain. The Mineralogical Record. 1998, 20: 451–456. 
  22. ^ Which Country Imports the Most Unroasted Iron Pyrites in the World? – IndexBox. www.indexbox.io. [2018-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-25). 

扩展阅读

  • American Geological Institute, 2003, Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, ISBN 978-3-540-01271-9.
  • David Rickard, Pyrite: A Natural History of Fool's Gold, Oxford, New York, 2015, ISBN 978-0-19-020367-2.

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