马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛

马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(英語:Markov chain Monte CarloMCMC)方法(含随机游走蒙特卡洛方法)是一组用马氏链从随机分布取样的算法,之前步骤的作为底本。步数越多,结果越好。

建立一个具有期望属性的马氏链并非难事,难的是如何决定通过多少步可以达到在许可误差内的稳定分布。一个好的马氏链具有快速混合——从开始阶段迅速获得的一个稳定状态——请参考马氏链最大时间

因于初始样本,最常见的MCMC取样只能近似得到分布。复杂的MCMC改进算法如过往耦合,但是会消耗更多的计算资源和时间。

典型用法是模拟一个随机行走的行人来进行路径优化等。每一步都算作是一个状态。而统计经过次数最多的地方将在下一步中更有可能为目的地。马氏蒙特卡洛方法是一种结合了蒙特卡罗法的解决方案。但不同于以往的蒙特卡洛integration是统计独立的,MCMC中的是统计相关的

本方法的相关应用包括:贝叶斯统计计算物理计算生物以及计算语言学,此外还有Gill先生的一些著作。

Jeff Gill. Bayesian methods: a social and behavioral sciences approach Second Edition. London: Chapman and Hall/CRC. 2008 [2012-02-07]. ISBN 1-58488-562-9. (原始内容存档于2009-05-23).  </ref> and Robert & Casella.[1]

随机游走算法

马氏链性质决定了下一个方位取决于当前状态和随机变量。这样的性质决定了最终所有的空间将被覆盖但是却需要花费较长时间。下面给出MCMC方法:

基本原理

设非周期正常返的马尔可夫链的平稳分布为为马尔可夫链的状态,对于任意上有界函数有: ,也就是说,该马尔可夫链在取的变量比较大时会趋向于服从概率分布

在设计一个马尔可夫链满足细致平衡的条件下,对马尔科夫链的模拟就可以看作对概率分布的采样。[2]

基本步骤

MCMC方法是使用马尔科夫链的蒙特卡洛积分,其基本思想是:构造一条Markov链使其平稳分布为待估参数的后验分布,通过这条马尔科夫链产生后验分布的样本,并基于马尔科夫链达到平稳分布时的样本(有效样本)进行蒙特卡罗积分。设为产生的总样本数,为Markov链达到平稳时的样本数则MCMC方法的基本思路可概括为:

  • 构造Markov链。构造一条Markov链,给定马尔科夫链状态转移矩阵,使其收敛到平稳分布
  • 产生样本:从初始状态出发,利用从条件概率分布生成样本,并通过转移条件判断是否转移,通过次更新达到平稳,此后生成的即为的样本,我们记为
  • 蒙特卡罗积分。任一函数的期望估计为:

在采用MCMC方法时马尔科夫链转移核的构造至关重要,不同的转移核构造方法将产生不同的MCMC方法,目前常用的MCMC方法主要有两种Gibbs抽样和Metropolis-Hastings算法。

抽样算法

l Gibbs '抽样'

Gibbs抽样是现实中最简单应用最广泛的MCMC方法,由Geman最初命名提出其基础思路如下:

给定任意的初始向量;

从中抽取样本

从中抽取样本

从中抽取样本

从中抽取样本

至此,完成的转移。经过n次迭代,可得后验样本。根据后验样本可计算后验分布的各阶矩,进行相应的统计推断。

  • Metropolis-Hastings '算法'

Metropolis-Hastings算法是较早出现且比较一般化的MCMC方法,最初由Metropolis等人在1953年提出之后由Hastings对其加以推广形成了,Metropolis-Hastings方法。该方法的基本思路是:选择一转移函数和初始值,若第次迭代开始时的参数值为

,则第次迭代过程为:

  • 从中抽取一个备选值
  • 计算接受概率
  • 以概率,置,以概率,置;
  • 重复i –iii 次,则可得后验样本。根据后验样本可计算后验分布的各阶矩,进行相应的统计推断。

参见

注释

  1. ^ Christian P Robert & Casella G. Monte Carlo statistical methods Second Edition. New York: Springer. 2004 [2012-02-07]. ISBN 0-387-21239-6. (原始内容存档于2010-01-12). 
  2. ^ 李东风. 统计计算. 2022-08-29 (中文). 

参考文献

  • Christophe Andrieu et al., "An Introduction to MCMC for Machine Learning"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2003
  • Bernd A. Berg. "Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulations and Their Statistical Analysis". Singapore, World Scientific 2004.
  • George Casella and Edward I. George. "Explaining the Gibbs sampler". The American Statistician, 46:167–174, 1992. (Basic summary and many references.)
  • A.E. Gelfand and A.F.M. Smith. "Sampling-Based Approaches to Calculating Marginal Densities". J. American Statistical Association, 85:398–409, 1990.
  • Andrew Gelman, John B. Carlin, Hal S. Stern, and Donald B. Rubin. Bayesian Data Analysis. London: Chapman and Hall. First edition, 1995. (See Chapter 11.)
  • S. Geman and D. Geman. "Stochastic Relaxation, Gibbs Distributions, and the Bayesian Restoration of Images". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 6:721–741, 1984.
  • Radford M. Neal, Probabilistic Inference Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 1993.
  • Gilks W.R., Richardson S. and Spiegelhalter D.J. "Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice". Chapman & Hall/CRC, 1996.
  • C.P. Robert and G. Casella. "Monte Carlo Statistical Methods"(second edition). New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004.
  • R. Y. Rubinstein and D. P. Kroese. Simulation and the Monte Carlo Method(second edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007. ISBN 978-0470177945
  • R. L. Smith "Efficient Monte Carlo Procedures for Generating Points Uniformly Distributed Over Bounded Regions", Operations Research, Vol. 32, pp. 1296–1308, 1984.
  • Asmussen and Glynn "Stochastic Simulation: Algorithms and Analysis", Springer. Series: Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability, Vol. 57, 2007.
  • P. Atzberger, "An Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods." [1].
  • Bolstad, William M.(2010)Understanding Computational Bayesian Statistics, John Wiley ISBN 0-470-04609-8

延展阅读

外部链接

Read other articles:

Zumpango Gemeente in Mexico   Situering Staat Mexico Hoofdplaats Zumpango de Ocampo Coördinaten 19°47'49NB, 99°5'57WL Gegevens Oppervlakte 84,34 km² Inwoners 127 988 (2010) Website Officiële site E-Local Portaal    Mexico Zumpango is een gemeente in de Mexicaanse deelstaat Mexico. De hoofdplaats van Zumpango is Zumpango de Ocampo. De gemeente Zumpango heeft een oppervlakte van 84,32 km². De gemeente heeft 127 988 inwoners (2010). 125 daarvan spreken een indiaanse taa...

 

 

Venus transita la cara del Sol en 2004. Aquí es visible el efecto de la gota negra. El efecto de la gota negra es un fenómeno óptico visible durante un tránsito de Venus y, en menor medida, un tránsito de Mercurio. Justo después del segundo contacto, y de nuevo justo antes del tercer contacto durante el tránsito, una lágrima pequeña negra aparece al conectar el disco de Venus en el limbo del Sol, por lo que no es posible determinar con precisión el momento exacto de contacto de ambo...

 

 

Unbekannter Photograph, Adolph Alexander Weinman (Mitte), gemeinsam mit Charles Keck und weiteren Künstlern sowie einem Model in einem vermutlich der Art Students League in New York City gehörendem Studio, um 1897, Archives of American Art. „Walking Liberty“ auf dem Silver Eagle Adolph Alexander Weinman (* 11. Dezember 1870 in Durmersheim; † 8. August 1952 in Port Chester, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Bildhauer und Medailleur deutscher Abstammung. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 N...

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2023年10月3日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:伊丽莎白女王级战列舰 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。 伊丽莎白女王级 Queen Elizabeth class 伊丽莎白女王号战列舰概觀艦種战

 

 

Indian Army regiment 60 Armoured RegimentActive2019 – presentCountry IndiaAllegianceIndiaBranch Indian ArmyTypeArmoured CorpsSizeRegimentNickname(s)PanthersColorsBlue, yellow and green[1]EquipmentT-90 tanksInsigniaAbbreviation60 Armd RegtMilitary unit 60 Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment of the Indian Army. History The regiment was raised in 2019 at Ahmednagar. It is equipped with the T-90 tanks and is currently part of the Jhansi based 31 Armoured Division (White Tiger Divi...

 

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) سن بارك معلومات شخصية الميلاد 3 يناير 1981 (42 سنة)  كوريا الجنوبية  مواطنة أستراليا  الحياة العملية المهنة راقصة،  وممثلة أفلام  اللغات الإنجليزية&#...

2006 Austrian filmKlimtFilm posterDirected byRaúl RuizWritten byGilbert AdairRaúl RuizHerbert VeselyProduced byMatthew JusticeArno OrtmairDieter PochlatkoAndreas SchmidStarringJohn MalkovichVeronica FerresStephen DillaneSaffron BurrowsSandra CeccarelliNikolai KinskiCinematographyRicardo AronovichEdited byValeria SarmientoMusic byJorge ArriagadaDistributed byGemini Films (France)[1]Soda Pictures (United Kingdom)[1]Release dates 28 January 2006 (2006-01-28) ...

 

 

Dutch politician Joris in 't VeldJoris in 't Veld in 1945Member of the Council of StateIn office1 October 1964 – 1 August 1970Vice PresidentLouis BeelParliamentary leader in the SenateIn office2 September 1952 – 15 November 1960Preceded byKees WoudenbergSucceeded byMaarten de Niet GerritzoonParliamentary groupLabour PartyMinister of Reconstruction and HousingIn office1 March 1948 – 2 September 1952Prime MinisterLouis Beel (1948) Willem Drees (1948–1952)Prece...

 

 

Sculpture by Michelangelo This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: St. Proclus Michelangelo – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) St. ProclusArtistMichelangeloYear1494-1495Preceded bySt. Petronius (Michelangelo)Followed byAngel ...

2012 video game 2012 video gameBorderlands 2Cover art featuring a Psycho BanditDeveloper(s)Gearbox Software[a]Publisher(s)2KDirector(s)Paul HellquistProducer(s)Sean ReardonMatt CharlesDesigner(s)John HemingwayProgrammer(s)Steven JonesArtist(s)Jeramy CookeWriter(s)Anthony BurchComposer(s)Jesper KydSascha DikiciyanCris VelascoSeriesBorderlandsEngineUnreal Engine 3Platform(s)Microsoft WindowsPlayStation 3Xbox 360macOSPlayStation VitaLinuxPlayStation 4Xbox OneAndroidNintendo SwitchPlaySta...

 

 

Church in Leicestershire, EnglandSt Mary's Parish Church, HinckleySt Mary's Church, HinckleySt Mary's Parish Church, HinckleyLocation in Hinckley52°32′33″N 1°22′31″W / 52.5426°N 1.3753°W / 52.5426; -1.3753LocationHinckley, LeicestershireCountryEnglandDenominationAnglicanWebsite[1]HistoryStatusParish churchDedicationSaint MaryArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationGrade II*Architect(s)William FitzOsbernArchitectural typeChurchSpecificationsSp...

 

 

Raio-X exibindo a extensão do dano epitelial pulmonar em função da presença de mecônio A síndrome de aspiração de mecônio (português brasileiro) ou síndrome de aspiração de mecónio (português europeu) (MAS), também conhecida como aspiração meconial é uma condição médica que afeta recém-nascidos. Este problema clínico descreve a fisiopatologia do líquido amniótico corado com mecônio e a presença deste nos pulmões. Desse modo, compreende-se que o mecônio tem um alt...

PHP PHPのロゴパラダイム 命令型プログラミング、関数型プログラミング、オブジェクト指向プログラミング、手続き型プログラミング、リフレクション 登場時期 1995年6月8日 (28年前) (1995-06-08)開発者 ラスマス・ラードフ、アンディ・ガトマンズ、PHP Family、ゼンド・テクノロジーズ、ゼーブ・スラスキー 最新リリース 8.3.0[1]/ 2023年11月23日 (14日前)...

 

 

Kabinet PresidensialKabinet Pemerintahan IndonesiaAnggota Kabinet Presidensial saat berfoto bersamaDibentuk2 September 1945Diselesaikan14 November 1945Struktur pemerintahanKepala negaraSoekarnoKepala pemerintahanSoekarnoWakil kepala pemerintahanMohammad HattaJumlah menteri16Jumlah wakil menteri2SejarahPenggantiKabinet Sjahrir I Daftar menteri dan pejabat daerah yang dirilis oleh Presiden. Kabinet Presidensial adalah kabinet pertama yang dibentuk di Indonesia setelah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan pad...

 

 

South Korean model and actress This article is about the actress born in 1997. For the actor born in 1999, see Lee Si-woo (actor). For other uses, see Lee Si-woo (disambiguation). In this Korean name, the family name is Lee. Lee Si-wooBorn (1997-09-05) September 5, 1997 (age 26)South KoreaOther namesLee Shi-wooOccupationsActressmodelYears active2018–presentAgentBig Picture EntertainmentKorean nameHangul이시우Hanja李施宇Revised RomanizationI Si-uMcCune–ReischauerI Siu ...

Swanpool Swanpool (Cornish: Lynyeyn Pryskelow, meaning cold pool of the elm thicket) is a small coastal saline lagoon with a shingle bar, separating it from the beach of the same name. The South West Coast Path crosses the bar. The pool is near the town of Falmouth, on the south coast of Cornwall, England, UK, between Maenporth and Gyllyngvase. A notable building in the area is Swanpool House, a 19th-century building which was occupied by American forces during the Second World War but is now...

 

 

Joseph Fourier(19e eeuw), gravure door Julien-Léopold Boilly en A.F.B. Geille Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (Auxerre, 21 maart 1768 – Parijs, 16 mei 1830) was een Franse wis- en natuurkundige. Hij is vooral bekend geworden door de fourieranalyse en de fouriertransformatie, die naar hem genoemd zijn. Ook naar hem genoemd zijn het getal van Fourier en de Wet van Fourier. Daarnaast was hij ook grondlegger van de ontdekking van het natuurlijk broeikaseffect. Leven Fourier werd geboren in Auxerr...

 

 

En matemáticas, particularmente en teoría del orden y de conjuntos, el mayorante o cota superior de un subconjunto B de un conjunto parcialmente ordenado A es un elemento de A mayor o igual que cualquier elemento de B. Ejemplo En este ejemplo a, b, d y e son minorantes de B. Así dado el conjunto A: A = { a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l } {\displaystyle A=\{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l\}} Para el conjunto A en el que se ha definido una relación binaria ≾ {\displaystyle \pr...

У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Дубове. село Дубове Країна  Україна Область Одеська область Район  Подільський район Громада Окнянська селищна громада Код КАТОТТГ UA51120150170096639 Облікова картка Дубове  Основні дані Засноване 1789 Населення 387 Пло...

 

 

ValentineSkylar Pictures 2016SutradaraAgus PestolUbay FoxProduserAswin M.C. SiregarHarris NizamBerdasarkanValentineoleh Sarjono Sutrisno,Aswin M.C. SiregarPemeranEstelle LindenMatthew Settle Arie DagienkzFendy PradanaJoshua PandelakiLily S.P.Mega CarefansaIndra BirowoAhmad AffandyNabila PutriSinematograferBeby HasibuanPerusahaanproduksiSkylar PicturesAletta PicturesSAS FilmsDistributorStro WorldStro MotionTrilogy LiveTanggal rilis27 November 2017NegaraIndonesiaBahasaIndonesia Valentine (judul...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!