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胡杨

胡杨
胡杨枝叶形态,摄于亚美尼亚伊朗边境
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 金虎尾目 Malpighiales
科: 杨柳科 Salicaceae
属: 杨属 Populus
组: 胡杨组 Turanga
种:
胡杨 P. euphratica
二名法
Populus euphratica
異名[2]
  • Balsamiflua euphratica (Olivier) Kimura
  • Balsamiflua illicitana (Dode) Kimura
  • Populus ariana Dode
  • Populus diversifolia Schrenk
  • Populus illicitana Dode
  • Populus litwinowiana Dode
  • Populus transcaucasica Jarm. ex Grossh.
  • Turanga ariana Kimura
  • Turanga diversifolia Kimura
  • Turanga euphratica (Olivier) Kimura
  • Turanga litwinowiana (Dode) Kimura

胡杨学名Populus euphratica),又称胡桐(《汉书》)、英雄树异叶胡杨异叶杨水桐,是杨柳科杨属胡杨亚属的一种植物[1][3],常生长在沙漠中,它耐寒、耐旱、耐盐碱、抗风沙,有很强的生命力;在水分好的條件下,壽命可達百年左右,被形容為“胡杨生而千年不死,死而千年不倒,倒而千年不烂”。胡杨是生长在沙漠的唯一乔木树种,且十分珍贵,可以和有“植物活化石”之称的银杏树相媲美。

形态

落叶乔木,高达15米;叶子的形状多变异,披针形或线状披针形的叶子全缘或疏生锯齿,卵形、扁卵形、肾形的叶子具有缺刻或全缘,无毛,带有灰色或淡绿色。[3]

习性

它是一种非常耐旱的植物,幼苗可以通过叶片直接吸收露水,然后将收集到的水分于器官甚至土壤中重新分配[4]。此外,胡杨也很耐盐[5],在盐度为2.0%时仍可以生长,最高可忍受的盐度为5.0%[6]

分布

它曾经广泛分布于中国西部的温带暖温带地区,新疆库车千佛洞、甘肃敦煌铁匠沟、山西平隆等地;如今,除了柴达木盆地河西走廊内蒙古阿拉善一些流入沙漠的河流两岸还可见到少量的胡杨外,全国胡杨林面积的90%以上都蜷缩于新疆,而其中的90%又集中在新疆南部的塔里木盆地。此外,在阿富汗印度哈萨克斯坦巴基斯坦塔吉克斯坦土库曼斯坦乌兹别克斯坦等国也有分布。世界上现仅存的三大原始胡杨林分别为:中国新疆塔里木盆地胡杨林(面积约371万亩);哈萨克斯坦胡杨林(面积约300万亩);内蒙古额济纳胡杨林(面积约45万亩)。[3]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Populus euphratica Oliv.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In: The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) [2018-9-15].
  2. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, [26 September 2016], (原始内容存档于2021-10-27) 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 胡杨 Populus euphratica. [2018-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-22). 见:中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会 (编). 中国植物志: 第二十卷. 第二分册. 科学出版社. 1984: 76–78 (中文). 
  4. ^ Zhang, Y., Hao, X., Sun, H. et al. How Populus euphratica utilizes dew in an extremely arid region. Plant Soil 443, 493–508 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04244-1
  5. ^ Chen, J., Zhang, J., Hu, J. et al. Integrated regulatory network reveals the early salt tolerance mechanism of Populus euphratica . Sci Rep 7, 6769 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05240-0
  6. ^ Zhang, X.; Liu, L.; Chen, B.; Qin, Z.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yao, R.; Liu, H.; Yang, H. Progress in Understanding the Physiological and Molecular Responses of Populus to Salt Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061312

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