神經元黏附分子

Neural cell adhesion molecule 1
神經元黏附分子1
PDB rendering based on 1epf.
有效结构
PDB 直系同源检索:PDBe, RCSB
标识
代号 NCAM1; CD56; MSK39; NCAM
扩展标识 遗传学116930 鼠基因97281 同源基因40754 GeneCards: NCAM1 Gene
EC編號 2.7.11.1
RNA表达模式
更多表达数据
直系同源体
物种 人类 小鼠
Entrez 4684 17967
Ensembl ENSG00000149294 ENSMUSG00000039542
UniProt P13591 P13595
mRNA序列 NM_000615 NM_001081445
蛋白序列 NP_000606 NP_001074914
基因位置 Chr 11:
112.83 – 113.15 Mb
Chr 9:
49.5 – 49.8 Mb
PubMed查询 [1] [2]

神經元吸附分子 (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM, 又稱為表面抗原分化簇-56 CD56) 是一種同類親和性的吸附蛋白,換言之同樣在細胞膜上表現這種醣蛋白的細胞傾向於相互黏附。這類細胞包括神經元神經膠質細胞骨骼肌細胞與自然殺手細胞。現有證據顯示 NCAM 在細胞間的吸附[1]、神經元突觸形成(包含樹突與軸突)、神經突觸可塑性(synaptic plasticity)、於是亦同大腦學習與記憶形成功能相關。

型態、結構域(domains)與同類親合性(homophilic)

NCAM 屬於免疫球蛋白超家族 (Immunoglobulin superfamily, IgSF)中的一類醣蛋白。在轉譯過程中NCAM的編碼mRNA透過可變剪接(alternatve splicing)的機制,被裁切成(從中切除並依序黏起,一般並不調換順序或重組,故類似電影剪接膠捲之過程)至少27種同位形(isoforms),提供NCAM分子豐富之多型性。[2]

三種主要的NCAM同位形,它們之間差別僅在於處於細胞質一端的結構域不同(cytoplasmic domain):

  • NCAM-120kDa(无胞内結構域,由醣磷脂醯肌醇 (Glycophosphatidylinositol,GPI)錨定在细胞外表面)
  • NCAM-140kDa(胞内結構域较短)
  • NCAM-180kDa(胞内結構域较长)

NCAM位於細胞外的部分包含五個類免疫球蛋白結構域(Ig domains),以及兩個III型纖維黏接蛋白(fibronectin-III, FNIII)結構域。Ig-like domains 與同類親和性有關,FNIII domains 則和神經突觸的生長與外延有關。

NCAM分子的同類親合特性有兩種結合方式,分別是相對(trans)與相鄰(cis),目前對於NCAM的分子機構是怎樣使兩種組態都能具有親和性(同時又具有專一性)只有初步的結論,已被提出的一個模型[3]說明當兩者以trans位互相結合時,五個Ig domains以反向平行的方式(54321對12345)結合,或者只使用前端的IgI, IgII 互相結合(如小指頭打勾狀);當以cis位結合時只牽涉到IgI對III,或IgI對II的結合,但多對NCAM分子之間卻可以形成多聚複合體藉以穩定結合。兩種結合方式的NCAM分子都可以發出促進之信號,以利前述之神經元突觸生長。

次要外顯子

給予NCAM另一層次複雜性的,是所謂的次要外顯子,在前述的RNA剪接過程中會被加入,因而出現在最後表現的蛋白中以改變其特性:

  • VASE (VAriable domain Spliced Exon 可變結構域切割外顯子) 被認為與抑制前述神經元突觸誘生作用有關。
  • MSD (Muscle Specific Domain 骨骼肌特異結構域) 被認為與骨骼肌原母細胞之融合有關 [4]

MSD外顯子之產物,在骨骼肌處出現在全部三種(前述的)同位形當中,於是使這些蛋白亞型的分子量高於不表現MSD者,於是對應到 的是 NCAM-125, NCAM-145, 和 NCAM-185同位形。但最常見的是 NCAM-125。[4]

轉譯後修飾

主要是在IgV Domains上加上多聚唾液酸英语polysialic acid(polysialic acid,PSA),這種修飾被認為會削除NCAM的同類親合活性,於是可能在細胞的遷移(migration)與侵入(invasion)扮演重要角色。 多聚唾液酸修飾已證明對學習與記憶的形成有至關重大的影響--使用內神經氨酸苷酶英语Endo-alpha-sialidase(endoneuraminidase,EndoN)移除海馬迴處神經元NCAM分子上的修飾後,長期增益性作用(Long-term potentiation, LTP)與長期抑勢作用(Long-term depression, LTD)的形成都受到顯著損害。[5][6][7]

功能

NCAM 引發突觸生長被認為是藉由成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)並觸發 p59Fyn訊息路徑。

病理

解剖病理學領域,病理學家使用CD56(NCAM)作為特定腫瘤型態之標記。經免疫組織染色(immunohistochemistry)後顯現者包含:

Anti-NCAM 療法

NCAM 曾被用於實驗性的癌症免疫治療的標靶分子,並使用放射性免疫結合物 123J-UJ13a or 131J-UJ13a 成功的在兒童身上定位了轉移的神經母細胞癌(neuroblastoma)。

在兩項臨床試驗中,罹患小細胞肺癌之患者被給予抗-NCAM之免疫毒性蛋白huN901-DM1,而得到接受範圍以內的毒性與可觀察到的臨床反應。[8]

参考文献

  1. ^ Pathology Outlines. [2011-11-09]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-20). 
  2. ^ Reyes AA, Small SJ, Akeson R. At least 27 alternatively spliced forms of the neural cell adhesion molecule mRNA are expressed during rat heart development. Mol Cell Biol. 1991, 11 (3): 1654–61. PMC 369464可免费查阅. PMID 1996115. 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2011-11-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-18). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Suzuki M, Angata K, Nakayama J, Fukuda M. Polysialic acid and mucin type o-glycans on the neural cell adhesion molecule differentially regulate myoblast fusion. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278 (49): 49459–68. PMID 13679364. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308316200. 
  5. ^ Becker, C. G., Artola, A., Gerardy-Schahn, R., Becker, T., Welzl, H., and Schachner, M. The polysialic acid modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule is involved in spatial learning and hippocampal long-term potentiation. J Neurosci Res. 1996, 45 (2): 143–52. PMID 8843031. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960715)45:2<143::AID-JNR6>3.0.CO;2-A. 
  6. ^ Stoenica L, Senkov O, Gerardy-Schahn R, Weinhold B, Schachner M, Dityatev A. In vivo synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus of mice deficient in the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM or its polysialic acid. Eur J Neurosci. 2006, 23 (9): 2255–64. PMID 16706834. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04771.x. 
  7. ^ Senkov O, Sun M, Weinhold B, Gerardy-Schahn R, Schachner M, Dityatev A. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule is involved in induction of long-term potentiation and memory acquisition and consolidation in a fear-conditioning paradigm. J Neurosci. 2006, 26 (42): 10888–109898. PMID 17050727. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0878-06.2006. 
  8. ^ Jensen M, Berthold F. Targeting the neural cell adhesion molecule in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2007, 258 (1): 9–21. PMID 17949897. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.09.004. 

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