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祖鲁语

祖鲁语
isiZulu
母语国家和地区南非马拉维莫桑比克斯威士兰
区域祖鲁
母语使用人数
约 9 百万
語系
官方地位
作为官方语言南非
語言代碼
ISO 639-1zu
ISO 639-2zul
ISO 639-3zul

祖鲁语(祖鲁语:isiZulu)是祖鲁人所使用的一種语言。目前大约有九百万人使用,其中95%居住在南非共和国境内。祖鲁语是24%的南非人的母語,也是南非最大的语言。大约50%的南非人可以听懂祖鲁语(Ethnologue 2005)。在种族隔离结束後的1994年,祖鲁语成为南非的11种官方语言之一。 它正在使林加拉語滅絕.

地理分布

祖鲁语属班图语言的东南支,亦称Nguni组。

祖鲁语也在夸祖鲁-纳托尔省与豪登省广泛使用。莱索托斯威士兰也有少数祖鲁语使用者。 津巴布韦Ndebele语言,与马拉维Ngoni语言是祖鲁语的亲戚。三者都可追寻到十九世纪的祖鲁移民。

历史

音系

祖鲁語其最鲜明的特征之一是其搭嘴音的使用。這個特徵在南部非洲其它几种语言也都有出現,但几乎完全限制在这个地区.

聲調

祖魯語是有聲調的。主要音調有低、高、降三種。

元音

祖魯語元音圖(Wade (1996)
i u
e o
a

/e//o/ 如果在其后的音节中包含有 "i" 或 "u",它们的发音是 [e][o],其它情况发音为 [ɛ][ɔ]

  • umgibeli「旅客」,音標記為[úm̩̀ɡìɓé(ː)lì]
  • ukupheka「煮」,音標記為[ùɠúpʰɛ̀(ː)ɠà]

元音的长度在书写中不可辨,但是元音在重音音节(倒数第二个音节)会延长发音。

IPA 示例 (IPA) 示例 (书写) 含义
/i/ [síːza̤] -siza 帮助
/u/ [umúːzi̤] umuzi 家园
/e/ [e] [umɡiɓéːli] umgibeli 乘客
[ɛ] [pʰɛ́ːɠa] -pheka 烹饪
/o/ [o] [umaɠóːti] umakoti 新娘
[ɔ] [ɔɡɔ̤̌ːɡo̤] ogogo 祖母
/a/ [dǐ̤ːda̤] -dida 困惑

輔音

祖魯語輔音音素
/齒齦 齒齦後 軟顎 聲門
中央
搭嘴音 普通 ǀʼ ǁʼ ǃʼ
送氣 ǀʰ ǁʰ ǃʰ
鼻音化 ᵑǀ ᵑǁ ᵑǃ
弛聲口音 ᶢǀʱ ᶢǁʱ ᶢǃʱ
弛聲鼻音 ᵑǀʱ ᵑǁʱ ᵑǃʱ
鼻音 常態聲 m n ɲ
弛聲 (ŋ̈)
塞音 普通
送氣
弛聲 ɡ̈
內爆音 ɓ ɠ
塞擦音 普通 tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ
弛聲 dʒ̈
擦音 清音 f s ɬ ʃ h
弛聲 ɮ̈ ɦ̥
近音 常態聲 l j w
弛聲
顫音 r
  1. 在一般情況下,普通的清塞音與清塞擦音實際上都是擠喉音,音標分別寫作[pʼ][tʼ][kʼ][tsʼ][tʃʼ][kxʼ]
  2. 當前方不接鼻音時,/ɠ//k//kʰ/二者幾乎成互補分配。/k//kʰ/幾乎只出現在字尾,而/ɠ/只出現在字中。從其他語言借入的外來語則不受此限制,/k//kʰ/可能出現於其他位置,如isekhondi /iːsekʰoːndi/「第二」,ibhayisikili /iːbajisikiːli/「自行車」。
  3. 弛聲輔音皆為降調輔音英语depressor consonant,會使該音節的音調較低。
  4. 輔音/ŋ/出現在某些方言中,作為輔音叢/nɡ/不在詞幹首時的簡略發音,且/ŋ/總是弛聲音。
  5. 顫音/r/並非祖魯語原有的輔音。這個音只出現於從歐洲語言借入的詞彙中。

祖魯語中搭嘴音的使用是這個語言的一大特色,其中搭嘴音可以依發音部位分為三類:

  • 齒-齒齦 /ǀ/,相當於吸吮牙齒,發出「tsk tsk」的聲音。
  • 齒齦 /!/,出的聲音類似瓶蓋「啵」打開的聲音。
  • 齒齦邊 /ǁ/,發出的聲音相當於人在溜馬時發出的聲音。

三種部位的搭嘴音又可以因送氣、鼻音、弛聲等特徵區分出五個搭嘴音,故祖魯語的搭嘴音共計有15種。

语法

短语

以下列出几句常用的祖鲁短语,可供参考:

  • Sawubona (向一个人问你好)
  • Sanibonani (向一组人问你好)
  • Unjani? (向一个人问你好吗?)
  • Ninjani? (向一组人问你好吗?)
  • Ngiyaphila (我很好)
  • Ngiyabonga ((我)谢谢你)
  • Siyabonga ((我们)谢谢你)
  • Isikhathi sithini? (现在几点?)
  • Uhlala kuphi? (你在哪住?)
  • Eish! (哇!)

參见

參考文獻

  • Doke, C.M. (1947) Text-book of Zulu grammar. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • Wilkes, Arnett, Teach Yourself Zulu. ISBN 0-07-143442-9

Wade, Rodrik D. Structural characteristics of Zulu English. An Investigation of the Putative Restandardisation of South African English in the Direction of a 'New' English, Black South African English (学位论文). Durban: University of Natal. 1996. (原始内容存档于2008-10-13). 

外部链接

语法
词典
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