核纖層

核纖層旧称“核周层”、“核衬层”或“核层”,是位于细胞核染色质核膜之间的高电子密度网络片层结构,[1]中间丝膜相关蛋白(membrane associated proteins)交织形成,普遍存在于真核细胞的细胞核中。核纤层处于核基质中,在核内与核内膜(inner nuclear membrane,INM)相连,在核外则与内质网相连。[2]核纤层是支撑细胞核的一种结构,[3]对调节DNA自我复制DNA转录细胞凋亡细胞分裂过程中核膜的破裂及重建也起到一定作用。[4]此外,核纤层还可以辅助组织染色质并锚定核孔复合物(nuclear pore complexes,NPCs)、核膜蛋白转录因子

核纤层结构与功能的示意图。图中可见核纤层(蓝绿色)位于核膜(灰色)内侧,锚定核孔复合物(橘黄色)及其他如核膜蛋白(淡紫色)及转录因子(粉红色)等众多分子。核纤层还可以维持细胞核结构稳定并组织染色质(淡黄色)。Coutinho et al. Immunity & Ageing 2009

历史

1993年,中国生物学家陈彬等用电镜首次显示了在单细胞原生动物——四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)中存在典型的核纤层结构。[5]

结构与组成

不同细胞的核纤层厚度有所不同,但都大致处在30-100nm的范围内。核纤层主要由核纤层蛋白( lamin)和核纤层结合膜蛋白(nuclear lamin-associated membrane proteins)这两种组分组成:

功能

在细胞或聚胞进行有丝分裂时,核纤层蛋白被磷酸化,引起核纤层可逆解聚,使核膜崩解;在分裂末期,核纤层蛋白的去磷酸化则直接介导了核膜围绕染色体开始的重建。

起源与进化

原核细胞内不存在核膜包被的细胞核,故不具有存在于细胞核中的核纤层结构。但已有研究证实在现存最原始的真核生物——源真核生物Archezoa)的细胞内出现了核骨架,细胞质中也出现了发达的中间纤维,以及不发达或不典型的核纤层(只含一种相当于高等真核细胞核纤层B型成分)。因此,有分析认为核纤层是伴随着“真核型”染色质的起源进化而形成的。[9]

参考文献

  1. ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J; et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th edition). New York: Garland Science. 2002: 676–677 [2011]. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. (原始内容存档于2019-09-19) (英语). 
  2. ^ 王虎. 核纤层蛋白Lamins的结构、功能及相关疾病的研究. 中国分子心脏病学杂志. 2002, (4) [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-18) (中文(简体)). 
  3. ^ 蔡树涛、翟中和. Nuclear Lamina(核纤层)——一种重要的细胞核结构. 细胞生物学杂志. 1990, (1) [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04) (中文(简体)). 
  4. ^ Goldman RD, Gruenbaum Y, Moir RD,Shumaker DK, Spann TP. Nuclear lamins: building blocks of nuclear architecture. (PDF). Genes Dev. Mar 1, 2002, 16 (5): 533–547. PMID 11877373. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-11) (英语). 
  5. ^ 陈彬、蔡树涛、翟中和. 四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)核纤层的研究. 电子显微学报. 1993, (1) [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-16) (中文(简体)). 
  6. ^ 高春海、刘新光、周中军. A型核纤层蛋白的研究进展. 生理科学进展. 2009, (3) [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-24) (中文(简体)). 
  7. ^ 陈彬、翟中和. 核纤层研究进展. 细胞生物学杂志. 1995, (1) [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-17) (中文(简体)). 
  8. ^ 周剑涛. 核纤层蛋白与细胞增殖. 生命的化学. 1997, (3) [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-18) (中文(简体)). 
  9. ^ 文建凡、李靖炎. 最原始的真核生物——源真核生物的核骨架. 中国科学C辑. 1998, (5) [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-30). 

延伸閱讀

  • Goldman et al., "Nuclear lamins: building blocks of nuclear architecture", Genes and Development 16:543-547, 2002. A good introductory article.

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