高低重音

高低重音音高重音(英語:Pitch accent),是一種重音。在高低重音語言裏,一個詞裏的每個音節的音調取決於該音節在詞裏出現的位置。而聲調語言中,每個音節有自己固定的聲調,它的聲調和它在詞裏出現的位置無關。世界上很多語言(如日語吳語等)都含有的高低重音系統(另一種是輕重重音)。

比如對於同樣都只有低高兩調之分的音高重音語言和聲調語言,一個雙音節詞[aba], 在音高重音語言裏只有兩种可能的音調:[ába]或[abá]。而在聲調語言中可能有四种:低低調[àbà]、高高調[ábá]、高低調[ábà]、低高調 [àbá]。

日語

日語通常被認爲有高低重音。不過不像塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語,日語只有20%的詞彙有音高重音,另外80% 則沒有重音。

音位降階或許比音高重音能更準確地描述日語的重音特點。一個詞的音調不斷上升直到音位降階,之後音調急劇下降。在雙音節詞裏,這表現為高-低低-高的對立。無重音詞也是低-高,但是後繼音節的音調使它有別于有重音詞.

重音在首音節 重音在次音節 無重音
[kaki] 牡蠣 [kaki] [kaki]
高-低 低-高

吳語

吳語特別是上海話寧波話已經逐漸從聲調語言演變成一種音高重音語言。

以上海話為例。上海話每個字單獨讀時,依然有固定的聲調:陰平(調值53)、陰去(調值34)、陽去(調值13)、陰入(調值5)、陽入(調值2)。但是在口語的詞句裏,字的聲調消失,而代之以高、中、低三個音調。詞首如果是陽去或陽入字,則該字只可能是低音調(調值22或11);詞首如果是陰去或陰入字,則該字只可能是中音調(調值33);詞首如果是陰平字,則該字只可能是高音調(調值55)。多音節詞裏,第一個字的音調決定了該詞裏其他所有字的音調。如果第一個字是高音調,後面的字都讀中音調;如果第一個字讀中音調或低音調,那麽第二個字讀高音調,再後面的字讀中音調。

首字為陽去或陽入字
(低音調)
zanhegnin 上海人 低-高-中
首字為陰去或陰入字
(中音調)
Odali'ia 澳大利亚 中-高-中-中
首字為陰平字
(高音調)
kónkonchitsau 公共汽車 高-中-中-中


吳語臨紹小片慈溪話只剩4個聲調,4個無任何辨義作用的聲調:陰舒,陽舒,陰入,陽入。陰陽是可以通過聲母的清濁來區別的,而舒入則是和韻母有關。也就是說,在慈溪話中,聲調已經是沒有了作用。那它就已經可以說完全是一種音高重音語言了。

參考文獻

  • This usage of the term 'pitch accent' was proposed by Bolinger (1958), taken up by Pierrehumbert (1980), and described in Ladd (1996).* Bolinger, Dwight, A theory of pitch accent in English, Word 14, 1958, 14: 109–49  .
  • Ladd, Robert D., Intonational Phonology, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996 
  • Pierrehumbert, Janet. The phonology and phonetics of English intonation (PDF). PhD thesis, MIT, Published 1988 by IULC. 1980 [2008-01-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-06-25). 
  • Fortson IV, Benjamin W., Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7 

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