赫尔松军区

赫尔松军区
Χερσῶν, θέμα Χερσῶνος (τὰ Κλίματα)
拜占庭帝国军区
约833/840年–1204年

公元1000年赫尔松军区于拜占庭帝国的位置
坐标:44°41′N 34°04′E / 44.68°N 34.06°E / 44.68; 34.06
國家拜占庭帝国
首府赫尔松
歷史時期中世纪
• 成立
约833/840年
• 由特拉比松帝国控制
1204年之后
前身
继承
可萨人
佩拉提亚
今属于 烏克蘭国际承认
 俄羅斯(事实控制)

赫尔松军区希臘語θέμα Χερσῶνος羅馬化thema Chersōnos),原名及正式名称为克利马塔希臘語τὰ Κλίματα羅馬化tá Klímata)是拜占庭帝国位于克里米亚南部的一个军区,首府为赫尔松

军区正式建立于830年代早期,是黑海重要的商业中心。尽管城市于980年代被毁,但是军区很快就恢复并繁荣了起来,直至1204年拜占庭帝国被十字军分裂,之后成为了特拉比松帝国的一部分。

历史

该地区大约在6世纪查士丁尼一世时期为拜占庭控制,但在7世纪末期,大部分都被可萨人掌控。狄奥斐卢斯时期拜占庭重建了对当地的统治。传统认为赫尔松军区约在833/834年设为军区[1][2][3],但更近的研究将其建立与839年拜占庭为可萨人建造新的首都萨克尔联系起来,并与840/841年由建造萨克尔的工程师佩特罗纳斯·卡马特罗斯英语Petronas Kamateros担任军区将军[4]。其名称起初为克利马塔,但因其首府赫尔松的突出地位,大约在860年,官方文件中也开始出现了赫尔松军区的叫法[1][4][5]

该军区在拜占庭与可萨人的关系中发挥了重要作用,后来可萨汗国崩溃之后,其仍在与佩切涅格人罗斯人的关系中有着重要地位。其在拜占庭帝国外交上的地位比其军事地位更甚,因为该军区的军事力量薄弱,主要由当地民兵组成。在945年971年拜占庭与罗斯的条约中,后者承诺保护该地区以抵御伏尔加保加利亚[6]

在9至11世纪,赫尔松作为黑海的商业中心而变得十分繁荣,尽管城市于988/989年遭基辅大公弗拉基米爾摧毁[1][2]。其迅速恢复,城市的防御工事重新建成并在在11世纪早期延伸至了港口。与此同时,在1016年格奥尔基乌斯英语Georgius Tzul被击败后,军区扩张到了克里米亚东部,其证据是1059年利奥·阿呂亞泰斯成为了“赫尔松和苏达亚将军”。但是这部分地区在11世纪末期落入了库曼人手中[7]。12世纪的赫尔松几乎没有信息,表明这是一个相当平静的时期。至1204年第四次十字军东征攻破君士坦丁堡之时,军区尚在拜占庭手中,而后由分裂出的特拉比松帝国控制[2][7]

行政

赫尔松军区“卫兵司令(protospatharios)”及“将军(strategos)”尼基弗鲁斯·卡西特拉斯(Nikephoros Kassiteras)的印信

赫尔松军区似乎是以典型的方式组织起来,拥有全套的军区官僚体系[8]。但是下辖城市的政府仍旧保留了可观的自治权,例如赫尔松城便是由当地的执政官管理[1][2][4]。赫尔松还保留了自行发行硬币的权利,并在米海尔三世时期恢复铸造,其在很长一段时间里是除君士坦丁堡之外唯一的省级铸币厂[1][8]。帝国政府以联合统治的名义向城市领导官员每年支付津贴,也证明了其自治权。君士坦丁七世在《帝国行政论》中提出了应对当地将军出现叛变可能的建议,即停止支付补贴并搬迁到军区内的其他城市[8]。11世纪末期,军区由督军(katepano)管理[7]

参考资料

脚注

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1991,第182–183頁.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 ODB,"Cherson" (O. Pritsak, A. Cutler), pp. 418–419.
  3. ^ Pertusi 1952,第182–183頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Papageorgiou 2008Chapter 1 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-11-11.
  5. ^ ODB,"Klima" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1133.
  6. ^ Papageorgiou 2008Chapter 3 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-11-11.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Papageorgiou 2008Chapter 4 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-11-11.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Papageorgiou 2008Chapter 2 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-11-11.

书籍

44°40′34″N 34°03′47″E / 44.676°N 34.063°E / 44.676; 34.063

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