利坎多斯军区

利坎多斯军区
Λυκανδός, θέμα Λυκανδοῦ
拜占庭帝国的军区
903年–1070年代

公元1000年拜占庭帝国利坎多斯军区地图
國家拜占庭帝国
首府利坎多斯要塞
歷史時期中世纪
• 穆莱定居于此
903年
• 落入塞尔柱突厥手中
1071年之后

利坎多斯（希臘語：Λυκανδός）或利坎杜斯是拜占庭帝国于10至11世纪的一个军区。

历史

利坎多斯要塞位于今日土耳其西南的埃爾比斯坦地区，位于前托鲁斯山脉。903年，亚美尼亚人穆莱定居于此，建立起了一个自治政权[1]。该地区具有重要的战略意义，正处于拜占庭与叙利亚及美索不达米亚穆斯林酋长国的边境地带，并扼守着一处穿越山脉进入拜占庭安那托利亞的重要通道[1]。安德羅尼可·杜卡斯（英语：Andronikos Doukas (general under Leo VI)）起兵反叛利奥六世失败，使得穆莱于905年被逐[2]，后于908年被召回，利奥六世将此地升格为「利坎多斯要冲区」并批准了他的领导地位。其任务是重新整修化作废墟的城堡，并定居和驻扎在无人居住的地区[1][2]。穆莱的努力很快取得成效，亚美尼亚人定居于此，据君士坦丁七世所称，此地已足以提供人马，且“牧场丰富”。之后，穆莱还将附近山区纳入控制之中[3]。

阿拉伯的资料清楚表明这个新兴且不断扩张的省份对其构成了直接威胁，尤其是对附近的美利提尼酋长国。阿拉伯人曾在909年对此地发动了一次猛烈突袭，却只取得很少战果，占领了一些偏远地点。而在915年，穆莱的军队却深入到了阿拉伯的日耳曼尼西亚城[2][4]。利坎多斯的重要性及其指挥官的成功得到了适时承认，次年，其被升格为一个正式军区[1][5]。917年，利坎多斯的军队参与了对保加利亚的惨烈战争[6]。

10世纪早期及中期，利坎多斯的军队在对穆斯林的战争中扮演了主要角色，尤其是在约翰·库尔库阿斯带领之下。后者将帝国疆域向东拓展到了幼发拉底河，以及亚美尼亚和叙利亚。军区的部队还参与了10世纪后期的内战[1][7]。行政上，其经常与邻近的美利提尼以及萨曼多斯（英语：Tzamandos）军区一同管辖。此地似乎未曾成为主教座。1071年的曼齐刻尔特战役之后，该地区落入塞尔柱突厥手中，但其仍出现在1108年阿历克塞一世对安条克的博希蒙德一世正式授权领土中[1]。

参考资料

脚注

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Foss 1991，第1258頁.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Whittow 1996，第316頁.
  3. ^ Constantine Porphyrogennetos 1840，第33, 228頁.
  4. ^ Kazhdan & Cutler 1991，第1334頁.
  5. ^ Treadgold 1997，第474頁.
  6. ^ Whittow 1996，第316–317頁.
  7. ^ Treadgold 1997，第479–481頁.

书籍

Read other articles:

Lagu kebangsaan Bolivia

Himno Nacional de BoliviaLagu kebangsaan  BoliviaAliasBolivianos, el hado propicioPenulis lirikJosé Ignacio de SanjinésPenggunaan1851Sampel audioHimno Nacional de Bolivia (instrumental)berkasbantuan Lagu kebangsaan Bolivia (bahasa Spanyol: Himno Nacional de Bolivia) diadopsi pada tahun 1851 melalui sebuah dekret agung selama pemerintahan Jenderal Manuel Isidoro Belzu. Liriknya ditulis oleh José Ignacio de Sanjinés, salah seorang penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Bolivia dan Konstit...

 

Kualifikasi Kejuaraan Eropa UEFA 2020

Kualifikasi Kejuaraan Eropa UEFA 2020Informasi turnamenJadwalpenyelenggaraan21 Maret 2019 – 12 November 2020Jumlahtim peserta55Statistik turnamenJumlahpertandingan262Jumlah gol826 (3,15 per pertandingan)Jumlahpenonton5.225.403 (19.944 per pertandingan)Pencetak golterbanyak Harry Kane (12 gol)← 2016 2024 → Kualifikasi Kejuaraan Eropa UEFA 2020 adalah kompetisi sepak bola yang dimainkan dari Maret 2019 hingga Maret 2020 untuk menentukan 24 anggota tim nasional UEFA yang ...

 

Katedral Los Angeles

Katedral Los Angeles(Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels)Cathedral Our Lady of the Angels555 West Temple StreetLos Angeles, CA 90012AgamaAfiliasi agamaGereja Katolik RomaDistrikKeuskupan Agung Los AngelesProvinsiKeuskupan Agung Los AngelesEcclesiastical or organizational statusKatedralKepemimpinanMost Rev. José Horacio Gómez, Uskup Agung Los AngelesMsgr. Kevin Kostelnik, PastorLokasiLokasiLos Angeles, CaliforniaAmerika SerikatKoordinat34°3′30″N 118°14′45″W / 34.05833

Live2D

Motion-capture animation for 2D graphics You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (September 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting ...

 

2001 Rice Owls football team

American college football season This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: 2001 Rice Owls football team – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) 2001 Rice Owls footballConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceRecord8–4 (5–3 WAC)Head coachKen Hatfield (8th seas...

 

Ano Hi Mita Hana no Namae wo Bokutachi wa Mada Shiranai

Anohana:The Flower We Saw That DayJinta dan Meiko pada gambar sampul dari DVD volume pertama untuk Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Dayあの日見た花の名前を僕達はまだ知らない。(Ano Hi Mita Hana no Namae o Bokutachi wa Mada Shiranai.)GenreAkil balig[1] Novel serialPengarangMari OkadaPenerbitMedia FactoryImprintMF Bunko Da VinciMajalahDa VinciTerbitMaret 2011 – Juli 2011Volume2 Seri animeSutradaraTatsuyuki NagaiProduserShunsuke SaitoNoriko OzakiSkenarioMari OkadaMusi...

Battle of Ambon

1942 Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies Battle of AmbonPart of World War II, Pacific War, Dutch East Indies campaignDate30 January – 3 February 1942LocationAmbon, MoluccasResult Japanese victoryBelligerents Netherlands Australia United States(retreated on 15 January)  JapanCommanders and leaders Joseph Kapitz  William Scott  Frank D. Wagner Takeo Takagi Takeo ItōStrength 2,600[1] 1,100[2] 5,300[3]Casualties and losses 340 killed[...

 

Hotel Bristol (Berlin)

Building in Berlin, GermanyHotel BristolHotel Bristol around 1910General informationLocationBerlin, GermanyOpening1891Closed1943Design and constructionArchitect(s)Gustav Georg Carl Gause Hotel Bristol was a luxury hotel on Unter den Linden in Berlin, Germany. It was designed by architect Gustav Georg Carl Gause and opened in 1891. History The Hotel Bristol was built in an era of economic boom and ever increasing travel and business. It was constructed between 1890 and 1891. It was designed by...

 

Cadillac V-LMDh

Cadillac V-LMDhKategoriLMDhKonstruktorDallaraPerancangChris Mikalauskas[1]PendahuluCadillac DPi-V.RSpesifikasi teknisSasisMonocoque serat karbon berbasis LMP2MesinV8 NA, 32-valve, DOHCMotor listrikUnit generator motor terpisah yang dipasang di depan + peredam kecepatan tunggalSejarah kompetisiTim pemakai Action Express Racing Chip Ganassi RacingPembalap Sébastien Bourdais Scott Dixon Renger van der Zande Earl Bamber Alex Lynn Richard Westbrook Jack Aitken Pipo Derani Alexander SimsDe...

Joseph Tartakovsky

American lawyer Joseph TartakovskyTartakovsky in 2018Deputy Solicitor General of NevadaIn office2015–2018Attorney GeneralAdam Paul LaxaltPreceded byPosition createdSucceeded byJordan T. Smith Personal detailsBorn (1981-12-10) December 10, 1981 (age 41)San Francisco, California, U.S.EducationUniversity of California, Santa Barbara (BA)Fordham Law School (JD) Joseph Tartakovsky (/frʌm/; born December 10, 1981) is an American lawyer, writer, and historian, and the former Deputy Solicitor...

 

77 Sunset Strip

Television series Kookie redirects here. For the newspaper column character Dr. I. M. Kookie, see Mike Royko. For the Czech comedy film, see Kooky. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 77 Sunset Strip – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this te...

 

Frank Wills (security guard)

American security guard who foiled the break-in that triggered the Watergate scandal Frank WillsBorn(1948-02-04)February 4, 1948Savannah, Georgia, U.S.DiedSeptember 27, 2000(2000-09-27) (aged 52)Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationJob CorpsOccupationSecurity guardKnown forFoiling the 1972 DNC break-in, which triggered the Watergate scandal Frank Wills (February 4, 1948 – September 27, 2000) was an American security guard best known for...

Pilis

Place in Pest, HungaryPilisThe Beleznay-Nyári Palace from the air Coat of armsPilisLocation of PilisCoordinates: 47°17′04″N 19°32′36″E / 47.28438°N 19.54347°E / 47.28438; 19.54347Country HungaryCountyPestArea • Total47.33 km2 (18.27 sq mi)Population (2004) • Total11,432 • Density240/km2 (630/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code2721Area code29 Pilis (Hu...

 

Bruce Stewart (playwright)

Bruce StewartTawatawa Ridge sculptureBornBruce Richard Stewart(1936-08-05)5 August 1936Hamilton, New ZealandDied28 June 2017(2017-06-28) (aged 80)Wellington, New ZealandOccupationPlaywrightEducationWairarapa CollegeSubjectAnger, confused loyalties and spiritual aspiration of late-20th-century MāoriNotable worksTama, and Other Stories Bruce Richard Stewart (5 August 1936 – 28 June 2017) was a New Zealand fiction writer and dramatist of Ngāti Raukawa Te Arawa descent. Stewart's work of...

 

The Dickson Poon School of Law

The Dickson Poon School of Law,King's College LondonFormer namesFaculty of Laws, King's College, London (1909–1991)King's College London School of Law (1991–2012)Established1831Parent institutionKing's College LondonDeanDan Hunter[1]Academic staff228[2]Students1,976[2]LocationSomerset House East Wing, London, United KingdomWebsitekcl.ac.uk/law The Dickson Poon School of Law is the law school of King's College London, itself part of the federal University of London,...

Basilika

Basilika. Dalam Bahasa Latin, basilika (berasal dari Bahasa Yunani, Basiliké Stoà, yang artinya Stoa Kerajaan), pada mulanya digunakan untuk menggambarkan sebuah bangunan publik Romawi (seperti juga di Yunani, umumnya sebuah tempat pertemuan), biasanya terletak di pusat sebuah kota Romawi (forum). Di kota-kota Yunani kuno, basilika umum mulai muncul pada abad ke-2 sebelum masehi. Setelah Kekaisaran Romawi resmi menjadi negara Kristiani, kata tersebut berkembang untuk merujuk pada sebuah ger...

 

The Final Enemy

Dungeons & Dragons adventure module The Final EnemyCodeU3TSR product code9076Rules requiredAD&DCharacter levels3 - 5Campaign settingGreyhawkAuthorsDave J. Browne with Don TurnbullFirst published1983Linked modulesU1 U2 U3 The Final Enemy is an adventure module for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) fantasy roleplaying game written by Dave Browne with Don Turnbull[1] set in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting. Plot summary The Final Enemy is an underwater adventur...

 

Vasantha Mullai

2023 film by Ramanan Purushothama Vasantha MullaiTheatrical release posterDirected byRamanan PurushothamaWritten byRamanan PurushothamaScreenplay byRamanan PurushothamaPonnivalavanProduced byRajani TalluriReshmi MenonStarringBobby SimhaKashmira PardeshiCinematographyGopi AmarnathEdited byVivek HarshanMusic byRajesh MurugesanRelease date 10 February 2023 (2023-02-10) CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Vasantha Mullai (transl. Spring jasmine) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language psycholo...

Erv Palica

American baseball player (1928-1982) Baseball player Erv PalicaPitcherBorn: (1928-02-09)February 9, 1928Lomita, California, U.S.Died: May 29, 1982(1982-05-29) (aged 54)Huntington Beach, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 21, 1945, for the Brooklyn DodgersLast MLB appearanceSeptember 24, 1956, for the Baltimore OriolesMLB statisticsWin–loss record41–55Earned run average4.22Strikeouts423 Teams Brooklyn Dodgers (1945, 1947–1951, 1953...

 

Закон обратных квадратов

В статье не хватает ссылок на источники (см. рекомендации по поиску). Информация должна быть проверяема, иначе она может быть удалена. Вы можете отредактировать статью, добавив ссылки на авторитетные источники в виде сносок. (10 января 2020) Линии обозначают поток, исходящий ...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!