諾里奇的朱利安(英語:Julian of Norwich,1342年11月8日-1416年),英國修女,重要基督宗教神秘主義者。於1373及1393年,先後發表了《神聖之愛的啟示》(英語:Revelations of Divine Love)的初版和加長注釋版,被視為第一本由女性書寫的英語書籍。[1] 朱利安的工作是在她居住的社區提供靈性輔導,藉著其靈修權威和著作成名,在天主教、英國國教和信義宗教會受到特別記念。[2]
第一項祈求:親歷基督的受難,希望更身同感受。(It seemed to me that I had great felling for the Passion of Christ, but still I desired to have more by the grace of God.)
第二項祈求:體會目睹基督死亡之人的感受,使自己親眼目睹基督如何為她犧牲,與當時的人同歷基督死亡帶來的哀傷。(I thought that I wished that I had been at that time with Mary Magdalen and with the others who were Christ's lovers, so that I might have seen with my own eyes our Lord's Passion which he suffered for me, so that I might have suffered with him as others did who loved him.)
第三項祈求:因聽到另一女聖徒St. Cecilia頸部受創引致三個傷口,求神同樣給三個傷口自己,幫助記念基督。(I conceived a great desire, and prayed our Lord God that he would grant me in the course of my life three wounds.)
這禱告的總結可用「三個傷心」歸納:真心痛悔 (the wound of contrition)、愛的憐憫 (the wound of compassion) 和渴慕上帝的旨意(the wound of longing with my will for God)。[10] 學者分析這種禱告表示她對基督受難一事不滿足於停留在知識層面,而期望達到個人參與的程度。[11]
她的自傳記載在三十一歲半時患上重病,[12] 學者認為當時她居住在坎伯尼,[9] 瀕臨死亡,但這病帶來一系列深層的屬靈經驗,包括十六個異象和各種預言。後來她從這病康復,並用英文記錄,以讓更多人理解其經歷。[13] 不過,朱利安是否在此經歷後就直接獻身作隱修女,則有一定爭議。學者對此有三種假說:一者為朱利安於三十歲前已經奉獻,二者為她於1373到1393年間進入修道生涯,三者為她於1393年撰寫《神聖之愛的啟示》的長篇版後才正式奉獻。雖然著作中部分言論可能指向她寫作時已住在修道院中,如《啟示》第77章中提到「此地為監牢,此生為補贖,然主希望我們於復和中喜樂」(This place is prison, this life is penance, and he wants us to rejoice in the remedy.),[14] 但這種指涉地方的字眼,於朱利安對現世的批判中,可理解為對世界的隱喻。從當時社會文化而言,三十歲以上的平信徒婦女不作修女,而在家中閒居,也非絕不可能。故此朱利安的修道生涯何時開始,缺乏強而有力的證明,只能估計她應在1393年前已展開隱修生活,[4] 而她在退離世俗,專心祈禱生活之後,身邊可能仍有僕人服事。[13] 較為肯定的是朱利安和丈夫一起立志守獨身,並在隱修期間曾到聖地一次。[9] 除此以外,她一生都居住在坎伯尼,居住在教堂旁的小屋度過餘生。她的主要工作為禱告、默想、寫作和安排時間從窗口給人提供勸勉。[13] 不過,她似乎從聖地回到故鄉後於英國巡迴演說,批評教會神職人員的靈性和生活墮落。[9]
朱利安以大量圖象帶出基督的受苦,有如照片的定格一樣,特別在十架上流血的情景,能夠喚起讀者情感上的回應。即使她不是描寫基督的外貌,她仍關注如何帶出耶穌這個具備神性的人格(divine personality)的情感部分。她重視基督的母性,也能喚起普遍讀者對母性的想象:豐富的創造力、無私的犧牲、全然的熱情,以及養育的特質。這些也是普遍的情感關係所具備的特性。朱利安的創造比喻和主人與僕人的比喻同樣引發讀者的情感聯想。朱利安的修辭技巧也有助其感性的描述力度,她的技巧和傳統以來的修辭相近,而她的個人特色是善於使用結構、字源和想像(manipulation of structure, syntax, and imagery)去建構啟示的氛圍(rhetoric of revelation)。她同時使用流行的文學手法,包括頭韻(Alliteration,即每個字的第一個字母相同)、押韻和韻律技巧,表明她重視聲音上的果效。因此她的神學知識不是流於沉悶的照本宣讀,而是充滿詩味和容易激起感覺的圖像。[19] 此外,朱利安善用吊弔的異象,帶出上帝在矛盾中的合一:基督是親切而陌生的(homely and curteyse),同時身為母親和上帝。這些在文學上突出人類和上帝的連結,同樣具備這種成份:饑餓而口渴的罪人,在上帝裏找到豐足和安息。人性墮落而衍生的屬靈眼瞎,則因基督的光而得救贖。然而,這種不是人類摒棄自身的一切(self-negation),而是在上帝裏一切都得到更新。這種修辭令字面上互相衝突的意義不致抵消,而在神裏面得到更新和改變。[20]
在《神聖之愛的啟示》的初版中,她認為上帝在某一個特別的時間(God "in a point"),相信已看顧和成就一切。在這個時刻,罪是虛無的。只有罪阻擋她追求上帝,而罪是必須而是虛無的,我們看不見罪,但我們可以見到它的影響。此論點近似奧古斯丁和阿奎那的思維。但在《神聖之愛的啟示》的增補版中,朱利安明確地指出罪使人與上帝隔絕,這種破壞的力量破壞了創造者和受創物的合一性。透過基督在十架上的受苦,神聖與人類得以再次接軌,使人與神再次聯合。這就是基督在十架上受死的功用。朱利安視基督為救贖而所受的苦是世界上最大的苦難,而罪所帶來的後果影響基督和所有受造物。基督為我們所受的苦,比我們因罪而要承受的苦更大。但祂的受苦洗淨我們,讓我們認清身份,尋求憐憫,使我們得到救贖。[33] 然而,朱利安認為人仍然無法肯定末後大審判的確實結果,而人所能依賴的就是信心:信心是我們的燈,上帝作為父親,基督作為母親,聖靈作為我們的主,引領著我們的生命。
對朱莉安來說,基督受苦是她喜樂的泉源,她關於受苦的異象中,也一再強調苦楚和喜樂密不可分的關係。第二十二章中她受天堂未來的獎賞啟示激勵,而宣稱「若我能受苦更深,我應受此苦」(If I could suffer more, I should suffer more)。基督的榜樣是朱莉安如何活出此愛的指引。人的本質因著創造與神聯合,另一方面因著基督的救贖,我們的本質也與上帝聯合。透過基督的受苦與道成肉身,人的感官與本質聯合一起。因著基督是完全的人,人類才能透過基督認識自身。不過,朱莉安沒有忽略聖父和聖靈的角色,她的啟示也指出三位一體中的三個位格都在基督受苦一事上共同工作,也一同為聖子受苦得勝而喜樂。
("We know that in everything God works for good for those who love him." The constant witness of the saints confirms this truth... Dame Julian of Norwich (said) : "Here I was taught by the grace of God that I should steadfastly keep me in the faith. . . and that at the same time I should take my stand on and earnestly believe in what our Lord shewed in this time - that 'all manner [of] thing shall be well.'")[36]
朱利安對基督教時常論及向上帝的禱告,建基在對人性的重視之上。人和上帝的關係的最明顯的表徵是禱告,而不在乎任何外顯的事物,故此如何處理上帝在我們的生活中若即若離的矛盾體驗,在基督教思想史上反復出現。這個主題同樣在奧古斯丁的短語中看到 :「我們的心不安,直到他們在上帝的愛中」。這句和日後的弗朗西斯·湯普森(Francis Thompson)的詩《天堂的獵犬》 (The Hound of Heaven) 的字句「我日日夜夜逃離神」相互呼應。基督徒相信神一直存在,只是人類不常常與神同在。有時人類逃避神,但人類靈魂深處空洞的感覺,驅使他們尋求神。朱利安這樣表達這種矛盾:
(The Catechism of the Catholic Church cites the words of Julian of Norwich when it explains the viewpoint of the Catholic faith on an argument that never ceases to be a provocation to all believers (cf. nn. 304-313, 314).)
Groves, Nicholas. The Medieval Churches of the City of Norwich. Norwich: Norwich Heritage Economic and Regeneration Trust (HEART) and East Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560385-2-4.
Holloway, Julia Bolton. Anchoress and Cardinal: Julian of Norwich and Adam Easton, O.S.B.. Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik. 2008. ISBN 978-3-902649-01-0.
Holloway, Julia Bolton. Julian among the Books: Julian of Norwich's Theological Library. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4438-8894-3.
Obbard, Elizabeth Ruth. Through Julian's Windows: Growing into wholeness with Julian of Norwich. Norwich: Canterbury Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-85311-903-3.
^Julian of Norwich. Julian of Norwich: Showings. Translated by Edmund Colledge and James Walsh, with preface by Jean Leclercq. New York: Paulist Press. 1978: 331. ISBN 978-0-8091-0234-1.
^Jantzen, Grace M. Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian. New York: Paulist Press. 1987: 29. ISBN 978-0-8091-2992-8.
^Jantzen, Grace M. Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian. New York: Paulist Press. 1987: 46–48. ISBN 978-0-8091-2992-8.
^Julian of Norwich. Julian of Norwich: Showings. Translated by Edmund Colledge and James Walsh, with preface by Jean Leclercq. New York: Paulist Press. 1978: 175–176. ISBN 978-0-8091-0234-1.
^Robert Edward Wright. The Boke Performyd: Affective Technique and Reader Response in the Showings of Julian of Norwich. Christianity and Literature. 1987, 36 (4): 14-15. ISSN 0148-3331.
^Robert Edward Wright. The Boke Performyd: Affective Technique and Reader Response in the Showings of Julian of Norwich. Christianity and Literature. 1987, 36 (4): 26, 28. ISSN 0148-3331.
^Robert Edward Wright. The Boke Performyd: Affective Technique and Reader Response in the Showings of Julian of Norwich. Christianity and Literature. 1987, 36 (4): 18. ISSN 0148-3331.
^Kathryn L. Reinhard. Joy to the Father, Bliss to the Son: Unity and the Motherhood Theology of Julian of Norwich. Anglican Theological Review. September 2007, 89 (4): 630-631. ISSN 0003-3286.
^Kathryn L. Reinhard. Joy to the Father, Bliss to the Son: Unity and the Motherhood Theology of Julian of Norwich. Anglican Theological Review. September 2007, 89 (4): 632-634. ISSN 0003-3286.
^Kathryn L. Reinhard. Joy to the Father, Bliss to the Son: Unity and the Motherhood Theology of Julian of Norwich. Anglican Theological Review. September 2007, 89 (4): 635. ISSN 0003-3286.
^Kathryn L. Reinhard. Joy to the Father, Bliss to the Son: Unity and the Motherhood Theology of Julian of Norwich. Anglican Theological Review. September 2007, 89 (4): 637-639. ISSN 0003-3286.
^Julian of Norwich. Julian of Norwich: Showings. Translated by Edmund Colledge, James Walsh, and Preface by Jean Leclercq. New York: Paulist Press. 1978: 214–215. ISBN 978-0-8091-0234-1.
^Kathryn L. Reinhard. Joy to the Father, Bliss to the Son: Unity and the Motherhood Theology of Julian of Norwich. Anglican Theological Review. September 2007, 89 (4): 641. ISSN 0003-3286.
^Julian of Norwich. Julian of Norwich: Showings. Translated by Edmund Colledge and James Walsh, with Preface by Jean Leclercq. New York: Paulist Press. 1978: 193. ISBN 978-0-8091-0234-1.
^Julian of Norwich. Julian of Norwich: Showings. Translated by Edmund Colledge and James Walsh, and Preface by Jean Leclercq. New York: Paulist Press. 1978: 248–249. ISBN 978-0-8091-0234-1.
^Julian of Norwich. Julian of Norwich: Showings. Translated by Edmund Colledge and James Walsh, with Preface by Jean Leclercq. New York: Paulist Press. 1978: 342–343. ISBN 978-0-8091-0234-1.
^Kathryn L. Reinhard. Joy to the Father, Bliss to the Son: Unity and the Motherhood Theology of Julian of Norwich. Anglican Theological Review. September 2007, 89 (4): 639-641. ISSN 0003-3286.
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