西班牙反犹主义

西哥特人统治西班牙期間出現第一次西班牙反犹主义暴動，當時西哥特人残酷迫害犹太人。中世纪時，穆斯林統治下的西班牙（安达卢斯）境內的犹太人被視為齐米，尽管偶尔会发生反猶暴動，比如1066年格拉纳达大屠杀，但猶太人可以繼續信仰猶太教，条件是要遵守穆斯林設立的限制[1]。11世纪穆拉比特王朝入侵西班牙后，穆斯林統治下的犹太人处境恶化[1]，而在穆瓦希德王朝入侵伊比利亚半岛期间，许多犹太人逃往西班牙北部的基督教王国、东地中海地区和對猶太人更为宽容的北非穆斯林地区[2]。

在收復失地運動期间，西班牙的犹太人与基督徒之間相安無事。特别是阿拉贡王国還出台措施保护犹太人。在这段时间里，犹太人享受着相对的政治自由，他们可以在法庭中任職。14世紀時，反犹主义情绪開始增长。當局開始对犹太人实施种种限制。這種情况在1391年大屠杀中达到顶峰，许多猶太人被强行改信基督教。[3]

1492年，费尔南多二世和伊莎贝尔一世發佈阿罕布拉法令，下令将犹太人驱逐出卡斯蒂利亚王国和阿拉贡王国 [4][5] 。如果猶太人改信基督教則可以繼續留下。这些被迫改信基督教的猶太人又被叫作瑪拉諾。

随着十月革命的爆發和西班牙的共产党成立，西班牙境內有不少人認為該國境內的猶太人和共產主義有勾結[6]。

20世纪60年代，出现了第一个西班牙新法西斯主義和新納粹主義组织，如CEDADE（英语：CEDADE）。后来西班牙新纳粹分子又在宣揚反犹主义言论。1948年至1986年期間，西班牙不承认以色列，并且两国之間没有外交关系。1978年，西班牙當局承認境內的犹太人是合法公民。西班牙境內的犹太人口约为40,000人，约占西班牙总人口的0.1％。[7]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 García Sanjuán, Alejandro. Tolerancia, convivencia y coexistencia en al-Andalus, ¿mito o realidad?. Desperta Ferro. 2001, (7): 42–45. ISSN 2171-9276. 
  2. ^ Hinojosa Montalvo, José. Mª Desamparados Martínez San Pedro , 编. Los marginados en el mundo medieval y moderno : Almería, 5 a 7 de noviembre de 1998 (PDF). Almería: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. 2000: 26 [2023-10-14]. ISBN 84-8108-206-6. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-21）. 
  3. ^ Luis., Lacave, José. Sefarad, Sefarad : la España judía. Armengol, Manel., Ontañón, Francisco., Mazal Holocaust Collection. [Madrid]: Comisión Quinto Centenario, Grupo de Trabajo Sefarad 92. 1987. ISBN 9788485983582. OCLC 20775283. 
  4. ^ Joseph Pérez. Isabel y Fernando, los Reyes Católicos [Isabella and Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs]. 丰特拉维亚: Nerea. 1988: 215. ISBN 84-89569-12-6 （西班牙语）. 
  5. ^ Telushkin, Joseph. Modern Jewish History: The Spanish Expulsion (1492). Jewish Virtual Library（英语：Jewish Virtual Library）. AICE. 1991 [25 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-30）. 
  6. ^ Jiménez, José L. Rodríguez. Antisemitism and the Extreme Right in Spain (1962–1997). The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism. [31 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于26 September 2013）. 
  7. ^ Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 - 2003 (PDF). EUMC. [16 September 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-21）. 

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