蒙古语西里尔字母

「蒙古」一词在蒙古语西里尔字母中的写法

蒙古语西里尔字母蒙古语Монгол Кирилл үсэг),漢語稱新蒙文,指的是一種以喀尔喀蒙古语為发音標準的文字,屬於源自保加利亚西里尔字母的一個分支。目前,蒙古西里爾字母是蒙古国官方的兩大文字之一,另一大官方文字是傳統蒙古文

蒙古西里尔字母是為了解決横向排版、掃除文盲的需要才被發明出來的,由當地蘇聯扶植的傀儡蒙古人民黨所创,因為當時的蒙古人民共和國在外交、政治、經濟、文化等方面皆受到以俄羅斯人為主體民族的蘇聯的影響。由於蒙古语和俄罗斯语的语音差异,两种语言的正字法不同,所以蒙古语与俄语中的相同西里爾字母发音只能大致相通,并非完全一致。

另外,中国境內的内蒙古自治区採用的是漢語簡體字老蒙文並行制,大多數中國內蒙古的蒙古族並未接受过该西里尔字母的正式教育。仅在与蒙古国有经贸往来的二连浩特等地有所使用。[1]

历史

1930年11月,蒙古人民共和国政府决定制定拉丁蒙古文方案,30年代中后期开始逐步培训拉丁蒙古文师资、尝试在出版物中使用拉丁化的蒙古文,但由于蒙古人民革命党内部在以拉丁文取代回鹘蒙古文问题上存在严重分歧,以总理阿南德·阿玛尔为首的反对派与以乔巴山为首的改革派之间斗争异常激烈,十余年间始终没有正式出台相关决议。

1939年8月,苏联内务人民委员会以日本间谍罪名逮捕阿玛尔,并于1941年由苏联最高法院军事审判庭对其定罪后,才讓蒙古国文字改革方向集中於拉丁字母。

1941年2月,蒙古人民革命党中央政治局和部长会议联席会议颁佈了使用拉丁蒙古文的决议,然而受苏联文字改革政策变化的影响旋即改为西里尔文。1941年3月25日,在宣布实施拉丁文暂行方案不足一个月後,蒙古人民革命党中央政治局和部长会议联席会议又出台了新的文字决议。称拉丁蒙古文在标音蒙古语方面存在技术缺陷,为“巩固蒙苏兄弟友谊、掌握苏联人民丰富的文化”,决定不以拉丁字母而以西里尔字母为基础创制新文字。随后蒙古国采用了曾德·达木丁苏伦等专家创制的西里尔蒙古文方案。

1946年1月1日,西里爾字母拼写的蒙古文正式使用。西里尔文字与传统的胡都木蒙古文字相比有很多优势,传统蒙古文个别字母如t和d、o和u常常混淆,且字母在词首中尾的书写不一,学习时要先学习“字头表”(音节表)单独记忆语言中所有音节的形状增加负担;由于传统蒙古文字母结构(俗称“牙”)的原因,字母之间辨识度低,如有些字母词尾形式,一些是向左的,有些是向右的,导致行间距不一致且增加了纸张的使用;竖排的旧蒙古文字又很难适应现代社会需要。拼写改革後,蒙古语的每个音节均能和西里尔字母一一对应,且更有利于学习苏联和欧洲的先进文化。更换旧蒙古文字的运动持续了10余年,蒙古国全民扫盲用了21年,在文字改革后,识字率从之前的2%左右增长到97%以上,极大促进了蒙古现代文化的发展[2][3]

1990年,蒙古国民主化后,一定程度上恢复使用传统的回鹘式蒙古文,但僅在民間使用。回鹘蒙古文並未獲得官方文字的地位,只是被赋予“蒙古民族文化之象徵”的含義,在一些公章、書法、匾額等特定用途上使用等[4]

2020年3月,蒙古政府宣布计划自2025年起,在官方文件中同时使用西里尔字母和回鹘式蒙古文,因為目前電腦已經能解決老蒙文的豎向排版問題[5][6][7]

字母表

顺序 西里尔 名称 IPA[8] ISO 9 标准罗马化
(MNS 5217:2012)[9]
国会图书馆
1 Аа а a a a a
2 Бб бэ p, pʲ b b b
3 Вв вэ w̜, w̜ʲ v v v
4 Гг гэ ɡ, ɡʲ, ɢ g g g
5 Дд дэ t, tʲ d d d
6 Ее е ji~jө e ye e
7 Ёё ё ë yo ë
8 Жж жэ ž j zh
9 Зз зэ ts z z z
10 Ии и i i i i
11 Йй хагас и i j i ĭ
12 Кк ка kʰ, kʲʰ, x, xʲ k k k
13 Лл эл ɮ, ɮʲ l l l
14 Мм эм m, m m m
15 Нн эн n, , ŋ n n n
16 Оо о ɔ o o o
17 Өө ө ө~o ô ö ö
18 Пп пэ pʰ, pʰʲ p p p
19 Рр эр r, rʲ r r r
20 Сс эс s s s s
21 Тт тэ tʰ, tʰʲ t t t
22 Уу у ʊ u u u
23 Үү ү u ü ü ü
24 Фф фэ, фа, эф f, pʰ f f f
25 Хх хэ, ха x, xʲ h kh kh
26 Цц цэ tsʰ c ts ts
27 Чч чэ tʃʰ č ch ch
28 Шш ша, эш ʃ š sh sh
29 Щщ ща, эшчэ (ʃt͡ʃ)[10] ŝ sh shch
30 Ъъ хатуугийн тэмдэг ʺ i ı
31 Ыы эр үгийн ы i y y y
32 Ьь зөөлний тэмдэг ʲ ʹ i i
33 Ээ э e~i è e ê
34 Юю ю jʊ, ju û yu iu
35 Яя я ja â ya ia

其中Үү和Өө在现代俄语字母表中没有,因此在最初的计算机和手机通讯中也可以不规范的写成 Її(或Vv)和Єє(均为乌克兰语字母),但隨著科技的進步,目前这些字母也可以在互聯網和手機中正常顯示。

参考文献

  1. ^ 内蒙古师范大学二连浩特国际学院关于举办语言培训班的函. 内蒙古师范大学二连浩特国际学院. [2015-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-18). 
  2. ^ 冯福林. 蒙古国教育发展史研究. 河北大学. [2023-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-17). 
  3. ^ 阿泽吉尔嘎拉. 20世纪苏联对蒙古国的影响. [2023-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-17). 
  4. ^ 王浩 郭艺华:蒙古国提倡恢复回鹘蒙古文的意味,《世界知识》,2020年第二期,ISSN 0583-0176
  5. ^ Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script. China.org.cn (March 19, 2020). [2022-04-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-31). 
  6. ^ Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Montsame, 18 March 2020.
  7. ^ Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Gogo, 1 July 2015. "Misinterpretation 1: Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used. There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic. It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic. Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and Mongolian script. This provision is to be effective starting January 1st of 2025. ID, birth certificate, marriage certificate and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament."
  8. ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén. 2005. The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press: 30-40.
  9. ^ Монгол кирил үсгийн латин хөрвүүлгийн шинэ стандарт батлагдлаа [New latinization standard for Mongolian cyrillic script approved]. 18 February 2012. GoGo.mn. [20 February 2012]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-05) (蒙古语). 
  10. ^ www.Omniglot.com页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Note that this evidence is based on a pronunciation of the alphabet, not of a word in context.

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