良心犯

良心犯（英語：Prisoner of conscience, POC），是彼得·本南森在1961年5月28日為《倫敦觀察家報》撰寫的文章（“被遺忘的囚犯”）中創造的一個術語。該詞常與人權組織國際特赦組織有關。與政治犯不相同。良心犯可以指因政治見解、性取向、族群、宗教而入獄的任何人，也可以指因非暴力表達其信念而被監禁或迫害的人。

良心犯受到《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條及《歐洲人權公約》第9條關於思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護[1]。

陳衛、[2]當知項欠、[3]艾爾西丁·伊斯萊爾（Ershidin Israil）、[4]高智晟、[5]郭飛雄、[6]郭小軍、[7]劉曉波、[8]毛恒鳳、[9]師濤[10]等人被國際特赦組織認為是良心犯。美國國會343號決議指引自由之家報導，稱中國監獄中一大部分群體是因政治入獄。[11]

國際條約保護

思想、良心以及宗教自由的權利保護
  • 《公民與政治權利國際公約》第18條：
    • 人人有權享受思想、良心和宗教自由。此項權利包括維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由，以及單獨或集體、公開或秘密地以禮拜、戒律、實踐和教義來表明他的宗教或信仰的自由。
    • 任何人不得遭受足以損害他維持或改變他的宗教或信仰的自由。
    • 表示自己的宗教或信仰的自由，僅只受法律所規定的以及為保障公共安全、秩序、衛生或道德、或他人的基本權利和自由所必須的限制。
  • 《歐洲人權公約》第9條：
    • 規定了思想自由、信仰及宗教自由的權利。其中包含了改變宗教或信仰的自由，以及信奉、傳授、實踐以及奉行不同宗教或信仰的自由。但這些都必須受到「符合法律規定」以及「為民主社會所需」的限制。

國際特赦組織良心犯名单

按國家/地區分類的不完整名單：

柬埔寨

香港

厄立特里亞

衣索比亞

岡比亞

中國

伊朗

緬甸

朝鮮

巴基斯坦

敘利亞

烏茲別克

馬來西亞

參看

参考文獻

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  3. ^ China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen. Amnesty International. 2009-07-17 [2011-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-07）. 
  4. ^ Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges. Amnesty International. 2011-06-15 [2011-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-08）. 
  5. ^ Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison. Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）. 
  6. ^ Human rights defender at risk of torture (PDF). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年12月10日）. 
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  8. ^ End Repression of Expression: Free Liu Xiaobo. Amnesty International. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）. 
  9. ^ MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER. Amnesty International. （原始内容存档于使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (帮助)）. 
  10. ^ LETTER TO YAHOO RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE COMPANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF CHINESE JOURNALIST SHI TAO. Amnesty International. [2016-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）. 
  11. ^ H.Res.343 - Expressing concern regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups. 美国国会. [2016-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-22）. 
  12. ^ Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice. Amnesty International. 2012-12-27 [2013-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-01）. 
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  21. ^ Archived copy. Amnesty International. [2014-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-12）. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi. Amnesty International. 2011-09-30 [2012-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）. 
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  25. ^ Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced (PDF). Amnesty International. 2012-04-13 [2012-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-06）. 
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  28. ^ Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned. Amnesty International. 2012-04-30 [2012-05-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）. 
  29. ^ Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment. Amnesty International. 2009-09-14 [2012-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-01）. 
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