胆囊

膽囊
The gallbladder sits beneath the liver.
基本信息
发育自Foregut英语Foregut
系統消化系統
动脉Cystic artery英语Cystic artery
静脉Cystic vein英语Cystic vein
神经Celiac ganglia英语Celiac ganglia, 迷走神经[1]
标识字符
拉丁文Vesica biliaris, vesica fellea
MeSHD005704
TA98A05.8.02.001
TA23081
FMAFMA:7202
格雷氏p.1197
解剖學術語

膽囊,是位於右方肋骨下肝臟後方的梨形囊袋構造,有濃縮和儲存膽汁之用。

膽囊與膽管示意圖

結構

膽囊是一個有彈性的梨形囊袋。膽囊內的單層柱狀上皮細胞會分泌出粘液,構成粘膜。保護膽囊內壁免受膽汁腐蝕。

作用

膽囊的作用有濃縮和儲存膽汁。膽汁溶解脂肪及酒精,肝會不斷分泌膽汁,流進膽囊中儲存,並在需要時將膽汁送進消化道以協助消化脂肪。由肝臟下行的總肝管與膽囊管會合形成總膽管,總膽管經過胰臟,在肝胰壺腹膽汁與胰液混合,並排到十二指腸

膽囊基本上由神经激素控制,胆囊收缩素(CCK) 导致胆囊收缩,將膽汁送到胆管裡。其他激素則讓膽囊放鬆以儲存胆汁。 [2] [3]

檢查

腹部超音波可檢查膽囊與總膽管

疾病

主條目:膽囊疾病

  • 胆石症(胆结石)患者常無症状,但本症也可能引起陣發性疼痛,病人常伴有胆囊疾病的其他病徵與症狀,如恶心、呕吐,以及伴隨投射至背部的腹痛。切除膽囊可治癒本症。但要注意的是腹痛可能与其他肠道疾病混淆。 [4]
  • 胆囊炎可為急性也可能是慢性,首選診斷是超音波檢查,可見胆囊壁厚度增加。急性膽囊炎病人抽血可能發現白血球增加。在慢性膽囊炎病人,雖然切除膽囊可治癒此症,但在老年、高危險病人不適合手術時,可以用药物治疗作為替代。急性膽囊炎病人先以抗生素治療以預防發生膿瘍,並以藥物止痛,在手術前一般不建議進食。 [3]
  • 胆囊息肉是膽囊內的贅生物,最常见的是胆固醇息肉。有些会引起上腹部疼痛,但有些並無症狀。治療取決於息肉大小和症状,較小的息肉可以固定追蹤變化即可,但大于 10 毫米的息肉,由於潛在的惡性風險較高,一般建議進行膽囊切除術。 [5]
  • 胆囊癌(胆囊恶性肿瘤)大多為腺癌,且早期多無症状,常在晚期才被发现,因而预后较差。膽囊癌成因有多種假設,例如胆囊炎、胆结石、种族、胆囊息肉、生活模式(如肥胖症)等等,可能較易發生膽囊癌。症状包括持续的右上腹疼痛、黄疸,已及觸診右上腹發現腫瘤。
  • 胆道运动障碍:胆囊释出胆汁的速度異常导致慢性膽道绞痛。診斷時要先進行常用於檢查膽結石的檢查,以及注射膽囊收縮速並進行 HIDA 核醫扫描,以判斷膽囊的排出速率。查看射血分数。这种激素会导致胆囊释放胆汁。
  • 胆囊切除术后综合征(胆固醇、水肿、穿孔、瘘管)
  • 黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎是罕见的胆囊疾病,雖然不是惡性腫瘤,但表徵類似胆囊癌。 [6] [7] 本症於1976 年由JJ McCoy, Jr. 及其同事首先發表。  [8]

參考

人體 Dr Tony Smith (2001)

參考文獻

  1. ^ Ginsburg, Ph.D., J.N. Control of Gastrointestinal Function. Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D. (编). Gastrointestinal Physiology. Essentials of Human Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United States: Medical College of Georgia. 2005-08-22: p. 30 [2007-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-01). 
  2. ^ Luo, Xiaoyu. On the mechanical behavior of the human biliary system. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007, 13 (9): 1384. PMC 4146923可免费查阅. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i9.1384. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Behar, Jose. Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Biliary Tract: The Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi—A Review. ISRN Physiology. 24 February 2013, 2013: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2013/837630. 
  4. ^ Stinton, Laura M.; Shaffer, Eldon A. Epidemiology of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis and Cancer. Gut and Liver. 15 April 2012, 6 (2): 172–187. PMC 3343155可免费查阅. doi:10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.172. 
  5. ^ Vogt, David. Gallbladder disease: An update on diagnosis and treatment. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. December 2002, 69 (12): 977-984. 
  6. ^ Makino, Isamu; Yamaguchi, T; Sato, N; Yasui, T; Kita, I. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking gallbladder carcinoma with a false-positive result on fluorodeoxyglucose PET. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009, 15 (29): 3691–3. PMC 2721248可免费查阅. PMID 19653352. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.3691. 
  7. ^ Rao, RV; Kumar, A; Sikora, SS; Saxena, R; Kapoor, VK. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: Differentiation from associated gall bladder carcinoma. Tropical Gastroenterology. 2005, 26 (1): 31–3. PMID 15974235. 
  8. ^ McCoy Jr, JJ; Vila, R; Petrossian, G; McCall, RA; Reddy, KS. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Report of two cases. Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association. 1976, 72 (3): 78–9. PMID 1063276. 

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