維基媒體基金會控告美國國家安全局案

維基媒體基金會控告美國國家安全局案
法院美国马里兰州地方法院
案件全名维基媒体基金会等诉国家安全局等案
被告美国国家安全局 / 美國中央情報局美國司法部、海军上将邁可·S·羅傑斯英语Michael S. Rogers(以国家安全局局长兼中央安全局局长身份)、美国国家情报总监办公室英语Office of the Director of National Intelligence丹·科茨(以国家情报总监身份)、傑夫·塞申斯(以美国司法部长身份)
原告律师美国公民自由联盟库利律师事务所
原告维基媒体基金会美國刑事辯護律師協會英语National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers人权观察國際特赦組織美國分會英语Amnesty International USA國際筆會美東分會英语PEN American Center全球婦女基金會英语Global Fund for Women、《國家週刊》、拉瑟福德學會英语Rutherford Institute拉美地區駐華盛頓辦公室英语Washington Office on Latin America
判例引注No. 15-2560
案件历史
过往行动美国马里兰州地方法院驳回所有原告的起诉
后续行动维基媒体基金会提出上诉,其后美国第四巡回上诉法院驳回基金会以外所有被告的上诉,维基媒体基金会的上诉被撤销兼还押候审
法庭成员
法官T. S. 伊利斯三世英语T. S. Ellis III[1]

維基媒體基金會等诉國家安全局等案(英語:Wikimedia Foundation, et al. v. National Security Agency, et al.),是指包括擁有維基百科網站的維基媒體基金會联合美國刑事辯護律師協會英语National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers人权观察國際特赦組織美國分會英语Amnesty International USA國際筆會美東分會英语PEN American Center全球婦女基金會英语Global Fund for Women、《國家週刊》、拉瑟福德學會英语Rutherford Institute拉美地區駐華盛頓辦公室英语Washington Office on Latin America八大组织[2][3][4],委託美國公民自由聯盟訴訟代理人,向美国国家安全局美國司法部发起的诉讼,指控两者對維基百科的用戶實施群眾監控[5][6][7] 訴訟人聲稱,国家安全局與司法部的上游收集英语Upstream collection監聽計畫違反了《美国宪法第一修正案》中的保護言論自由,與《美國憲法第四修正案》中的禁止無理搜查和扣押條文。[2]

2015年10月,美国马里兰联邦地区法院驳回了原告的请求。[8]4个月后,维基媒体基金会上诉至美国联邦第四巡回上诉法院[9]二审认为初审判决基本合适,不过原告维基媒体基金会的主张“可行”,准许发还下级法院重审[10],同时撤销其他原告方的诉讼。[9]结果下级法院裁定基金会没有继续索赔的资格,后续上诉也被第四巡回上诉法院驳回。[11]

背景

上游收集的美國國安局簡報幻燈片。顯示上游收集指的是直接於光纖電纜進行監控,故稱為上游;而稜鏡計畫是收集伺服器端的資料。
幻燈片把維基百科列入HTTP監視目標

上游收集英语Upstream collection監聽計畫最早由前国安局職員爱德华·斯诺登于2013年5月揭發[12]。在本案之前,美國公民自由聯盟便已經代理過國際特赦組織美國分會控告克拉珀案英语Clapper v. Amnesty International USA,結果因證據不足而敗訴。而在斯諾登洩露的國安局文件中,有一份介紹敏感分隔資訊英语Sensitive compartmented information的簡報,裡面特別將維基百科列為HTTP監視的目標,維基媒體基金會因而以此指控國安局侵犯用戶憲法第一和第四修正案權利[13]

自克拉珀案以來,美國政府確認了國安局進行上游蒐集的關鍵事實,特別是對沒有嫌疑的人進行蒐集[14]。美國公民自由聯盟律師帕特里克·图米(Patrick Toomey)指出,此案對於原告而言特別重要,因為原告每年進行數以千億計的國際通訊英语International communication[14][15]

司法进程

2015年8月6日,案件原告美国国安局及美国司法部提出撤诉动议,理由是原告方没有合理证据证明受到上游搜集损害,缺乏起诉理据。对此,电子前哨基金会代表图书馆员及书店店主发出法庭之友[16]。双方于2015年9月25日的听证会上进行辩论[17]

2015年10月23日,马里兰州地方法院基于当事人资格英语Standing (law)驳回诉讼,地区法官T. S. 埃利斯三世英语T. S. Ellis III裁定原告没有合理证据证明受到上游搜集,并援引了2013年克莱普案的判决[18][19]。维基媒体基金会表示会提出上诉,因为指控其来有自,上游监视无疑捕获了到用户社群及基金会本身的通讯内容[20]。电子前哨基金会认为案件牵涉的监控计划是秘密行动,以缺乏当事人资格的理由撤诉不合理,敦促联邦法庭解决上游监控带来的严重宪法问题[21]。2016年2月17日,原告方向美国第四巡回上诉法院上诉[22]

2017年5月23日,第四巡回上诉法院正式撤销下级法庭的裁决[23][24],指基金会对国安局违反第四修正案的指控合理,“当事人资格足以证明裁决文面违宪英语facial challenge”,认为国安局搜集隐私数据所造成的潜在伤害难以预测[9][23]。因此,上诉法院将案件发还马里兰州地方法院,要求继续审理[10]。相反,法庭支持埃利斯撤销其他原告方的诉讼,认为他们没有足够证明业务受到上游监控范畴影响[9][23]

2019年12月16日,地区法院裁定基金会没有继续索赔的资格。2020年2月14日,基金会向第四巡回上诉法院提出上诉[25]。案件于2021年3月举行听证[26],同年9月再次被驳回[11]

参考文献

  1. ^ Wikimedia v. NSA - D. Md. Opinion | American Civil Liberties Union. Aclu.org. American Civil Liberties Union. [2015-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 ACLU, Wikimedia file lawsuit challenging NSA mass surveillance. Reuters. 2015-03-10 [2015-03-10]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-10). 
  3. ^ Lomas, Natasha. Wikimedia Sues NSA Over Mass Surveillance. TechCrunch. 2015-03-10 [2015-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-11). 
  4. ^ Why 'The Nation' Is Suing the Federal Government. The Nation. 2015-03-31 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-03). 
  5. ^ Wikimedia v. NSA: Challenge to Mass Surveillance Under the FISA Amendments Act. American Civil Liberties Union. 2018-09-06 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-28). 
  6. ^ Paulson, Michelle. Wikimedia v. NSA: Wikimedia Foundation files suit against the NSA to challenge upstream mass surveillance. Wikimedia Foundation. [2015-03-10]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-10). 
  7. ^ Wales, Jimmy; Tretikov, Lila. Stop Spying on Wikipedia Users. New York Times. 2015-03-10 [2015-03-10]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-03). 
  8. ^ Ingram, David. NSA sued by Wikimedia, rights groups over mass surveillance. Reuters. 2015-03-10 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-10). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Savage, Charlie. Federal Court Revives Wikimedia's Challenge to N.S.A. Surveillance. The New York Times. 2017-05-23 [2017-05-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-03). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Nelson, Steven. Appeals Court: Wikimedia Can Fight NSA's 'Not Speculative' Internet Surveillance. U.S. World and News Report. 2017-05-23 [2017-05-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-21). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Singh, Kanishka. U.S. court upholds dismissal of lawsuit against NSA on 'state secrets' grounds. Reuters. 2021-09-16 [2021-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-09). 
  12. ^ Schneider, Marc. Wikimedia vs NSA: ACLU Files Lawsuit to End Spy Agency's 'Upstream Surveillance'. Billboard. 2015-03-10 [2015-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-14). 
  13. ^ Cohn, Carolyn. Wikipedia feels 'targeted' by NSA, co-founder says. reuters.com. Reuters. [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-24). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Geoff Brigham; Michelle Paulson. Wikimedia v. NSA: Standing and the Fight for Free Speech and Privacy. just security.org. Just Security. [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-24). 
  15. ^ Gass, Nick. Wikimedia sues NSA, DOJ over mass surveillance. Politico. 2015-03-10 [2015-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-12). 
  16. ^ Crocker, Andrew. EFF Asks Court on Behalf of Libraries and Booksellers to Recognize Readers' Right to Be Free of NSA's Online Surveillance. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2015-09-03 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-02). 
  17. ^ Woolf, Nicky. Court hears first arguments in case challenging bulk data collection by NSA. The Guardian. 2015-09-25 [2015-10-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-09). 
  18. ^ Farivar, Cyrus. Judge tosses Wikimedia's anti-NSA lawsuit because Wikipedia isn't big enough. Ars Technica. 2015-10-23 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-21). 
  19. ^ Wikimedia v. NSA - D. MD. Opinion. ACLU. [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  20. ^ Michelle Paulson, Geoff Brigham. District court grants government's motion to dismiss Wikimedia v. NSA, appeal expected. Wikimedia Foundation. 2015-10-23 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-25). 
  21. ^ Rumold, Mark. Wikimedia v. NSA: Another Court Blinds Itself to Mass NSA Surveillance. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2015-10-29 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-20). 
  22. ^ Appeal No. 15-2560. Brief for plaintiffs–appellants (PDF). American Civil Liberties Union. 2016-02-17 [2016-03-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-12). 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Buatti, Jim; Palmer, Aeryn. Victory at the Fourth Circuit: Court of Appeals allows Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA to proceed. Wikimedia Blog. 2017-05-23 [2017-05-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-03). 
  24. ^ Stempel, Jonathan. Wikipedia can pursue NSA surveillance lawsuit: U.S. appeals court. Reuters. 2017-05-23 [2017-05-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-09). 
  25. ^ Buatti, Jim; Palmer, Aeryn. District Court rules for government in Wikimedia Foundation's mass surveillance case against the NSA. Wikimedia Foundation. 2019-12-17 [2020-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-09). 
  26. ^ Remote Oral Arguments (Panel III) - 2:00PM Friday 3/12/2021. United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. 2021-03-12. 事件发生在 10:30 [2022-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-02) –通过YouTube. 

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