睫毛

人类的长睫毛

睫毛是長於眼瞼的邊緣的毛髮。具有保護眼睛的功用，十分敏感。如果有塵埃等異物碰到睫毛，眼瞼會反射性地合上，以保護眼球。

形态学

长度和厚度

人类睫毛的长度不因性别[1]或种族而异，[2]人类的上睫毛长度通常为 7 至 8 毫米，[1]并且长度通常不超过 10 毫米。[3] 下睫毛平均长度在 5 至 6 毫米之间。[2] 当睫毛长度达到或超过 10 毫米时，就被认为是长睫毛。 [4] 人类睫毛的长度、厚度和黑度随着年龄的增长而显着减少。[5]

社会与文化

长睫毛被视为美丽的标志，在许多文化中被认为是有吸引力的面部特征。 该对象表现出睫毛肥大症，睫毛长度为 12 毫米，超过通常认为较长的 10 毫米

在许多文化中，长而饱满的睫毛长期以来被认为是美丽的标志。 [6] 尽管不因性别而异，也不是第二性征，但长睫毛经常被认为是一种女性特征，研究表明，拥有较长睫毛的女性被认为更健康、更女性化。 [7] 尽管如此，长睫毛对于男性和女性来说都被视为有吸引力的面部特征。 [8] 另一方面，哈扎妇女会修剪自己的睫毛。[9]

美容

绿色的睫毛膏所染的睫毛颜色

在現代文化中，長眼睫毛普遍地被視為女性化的象徵。為了使眼睫毛變得更長，部份女性會選用諸如睫毛液或假睫毛等產品。另一方面，位於非洲東部坦桑尼亞的哈扎人女性卻反而會修剪她們的眼睫毛。[10]

除了睫毛液和假睫毛，眼影粉亦能夠令睫毛看起來更漂亮。早在青銅器時期，人類已懂得用眼影粉來保護及強調睫毛。在古埃及，王室及有錢人會利用眼影粉來防止沙、塵或昆蟲走進他們的眼睛。

動物的睫毛

馬的眼睛，露出睫毛

在哺乳動物中常見成爲毛髮的睫毛。駱駝的睫毛非常長并且厚。馬和牛的睫毛也十分有特點。在一些馬和狗的種類中，也常見遺傳性睫毛問題。

在鳥類中，睫毛是一個不常見的特點。犀鳥有突出的睫毛（即沒有倒鈎的退化羽毛）， 鴕鳥也是如此。爬行動物中，僅有許氏棕櫚蝮在眼上表現出變性的鱗片，看起來十分像睫毛。

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 A study of normal eyelashes in Japanese individuals. www.oatext.com. [2023-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-24） （英语）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Na, J.I.; Kwon, O.S.; Kim, B.J.; Park, W.S.; Oh, J.K.; Kim, K.H.; Cho, K.H.; Eun, H.C. Ethnic characteristics of eyelashes: a comparative analysis in Asian and Caucasian females. British Journal of Dermatology. 2006-08-30, 155 (6): 1170–1176. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 17107385. S2CID 26752340. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07495.x. 
  3. ^ Thibaut, S.; De Becker, E.; Caisey, L.; Baras, D.; Karatas, S.; Jammayrac, O.; Pisella, P.J.; Bernard, B.A. Human eyelash characterization. British Journal of Dermatology. 2009-09-01, 162 (2): 304–310. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 19804590. S2CID 40635760. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09487.x. 
  4. ^ Eyelashes, Long. elementsofmorphology.nih.gov. [2023-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-16）. 
  5. ^ Glaser, Dee A.; Jones, Derek; Carruthers, Jean; Campo, Antoinette; Moench, Susan; Tardie, Greg; Largent, Joan; Caulkins, Carrie. Epidemiologic Analysis of Change in Eyelash Characteristics With Increasing Age in a Population of Healthy Women. Dermatologic Surgery. November 2014, 40 (11): 1208–1213 [2023-08-17]. ISSN 1076-0512. PMID 25347452. S2CID 24703542. doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000000170. （原始内容存档于2023-05-16） （美国英语）. 
  6. ^ Aguinaldo, Erick; Mousavi, Maedeh; Peissig, Jessie. Eyelashes and Attraction: Eyelash Length and Fullness are Significantly Correlated with Facial Attractiveness. Journal of Vision. 2018-09-01, 18 (10): 1338. ISSN 1534-7362. S2CID 149895886. doi:10.1167/18.10.1338 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  7. ^ Adam, Aimee. Beauty is in the eye of the beautiful: Enhanced eyelashes increase perceived health and attractiveness.. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. October 2021, 15 (4): 356–367. ISSN 2330-2933. S2CID 214292834. doi:10.1037/ebs0000192 （英语）. 
  8. ^ Pazhoohi, Farid; Kingstone, Alan. The effect of eyelash length on attractiveness: A previously uninvestigated indicator of beauty.. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. April 2022, 16 (2): 176–180. ISSN 2330-2933. S2CID 228846079. doi:10.1037/ebs0000243 （英语）. 
  9. ^ Hadza. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures, Vol. 1. New York: Springer. 2003. ISBN 978-0-306-47770-6. 
  10. ^ Hadza. Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures, Volume 1. New York: Springer. 2003. ISBN 978-0306477706. 

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