癌症标志物

维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見醫學聲明。

癌症标志物又稱腫瘤標誌物，是由癌細胞直接产生或由非癌細胞经癌細胞诱导产生（人體對癌細胞的反應）的物质（生物標記）^[1]。癌症标志物存在於人們的血液、尿液或组织中。对于肿瘤标志物的检测可对肿瘤存在、发病过程及预后作出判断。每個腫瘤標誌物對應的癌症有所不同。肿瘤标志物水平升高可能表明患有癌症，然而也可能有其他原因導致升高。

癌症标志物可回答的问题：

• 预后：这种癌症可能继续生长？
• 诊断：我患了何种癌症？
• 预测：这种药是针对我患癌症的最佳用药吗？
• 药效学：对我来说此药的最佳用量是多少？
• 复发：癌症会再次发作吗？

常見的腫瘤標誌物

腫瘤標誌物	有關的癌症
Α-胎兒蛋白 (AFP)	生殖细胞瘤, 肝細胞癌[2]
CA 15-3	乳癌[3]
CA27.29	乳癌[4]
CA19-9	胰臟癌、大腸癌、胃肠道癌.[5]
CA-125	卵巢癌,[6]、子宫内膜癌, 输卵管瘤, 肺癌, 乳癌和胃肠道癌.[7]、子宮內膜異位症.[8]
降鈣素	甲狀腺髓質癌
Calretinin（英语：Calretinin）	間皮瘤, 性腺间质肿瘤, adrenocortical carcinoma（英语：adrenocortical carcinoma）, 滑膜肉瘤[2]
癌胚抗原	胃肠道癌, 子宮頸癌, 肺癌, 卵巢癌, 乳癌, urinary tract cancer[2]
CD34	hemangiopericytoma（英语：hemangiopericytoma）/solitary fibrous tumor（英语：solitary fibrous tumor）, 多形性脂肪瘤, 胃腸道基質腫瘤, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans（英语：dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans）[2]
CD99（英语：CD99）MIC 2	尤文氏肉瘤, primitive neuroectodermal tumor（英语：primitive neuroectodermal tumor）, hemangiopericytoma（英语：hemangiopericytoma）/solitary fibrous tumor（英语：solitary fibrous tumor）, 滑膜肉瘤, 淋巴瘤, 白血病, 性腺间质肿瘤[2]
CD117（英语：CD117）	胃腸道基質腫瘤, mastocytosis（英语：mastocytosis）, seminoma（英语：seminoma）[2]
Chromogranin（英语：Chromogranin）	神經內分泌腫瘤[2]
Chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21	膀胱癌[9]
Cytokeratin（英语：Cytokeratin） (TPA, TPS, Cyfra21-1)	癌、肉瘤[2]
Desmin（英语：Desmin）	smooth muscle sarcoma, 横纹肌肉瘤, endometrial stromal sarcoma（英语：endometrial stromal sarcoma）[2]
Epithelial membrane antigen（英语：Epithelial membrane antigen） (EMA)	癌、meningioma（英语：meningioma）、肉瘤[2]
Factor VIII（英语：Factor VIII）, CD31 FL1	vascular sarcoma[2]
Glial fibrillary acidic protein（英语：Glial fibrillary acidic protein） (GFAP)	神經膠質瘤 (astrocytoma（英语：astrocytoma）, ependymoma（英语：ependymoma）)[2]
Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15)	乳癌, 卵巢癌, salivary gland cancer（英语：salivary gland cancer）[2]
hPG80（英语：hPG80）	乳癌, 卵巢癌, 前列腺癌, 腎癌, 大腸癌, 肝癌
HMB-45（英语：HMB-45）	黑色素瘤, PEComa（英语：PEComa） (例如 angiomyolipoma（英语：angiomyolipoma）), clear cell adenocarcinoma（英语：clear cell adenocarcinoma）, adrenocortical carcinoma（英语：adrenocortical carcinoma）[2]
人绒毛膜促性腺激素 (hCG)	妊娠滋养细胞疾病, 生殖细胞瘤, 绒毛膜癌[2]
抗体	淋巴瘤, 白血病[2]
激活素与抑制素	性腺间质肿瘤, adrenocortical carcinoma（英语：adrenocortical carcinoma）, hemangioblastoma（英语：hemangioblastoma）[2]
角蛋白	癌, 肉瘤[2]
淋巴细胞	淋巴瘤, 白血病[2]
MART-1（英语：MART-1） (Melan-A)	黑色素瘤,adrenocortical carcinoma（英语：adrenocortical carcinoma）、gonadal tumor[2]
Myo D1（英语：Myo D1）	横纹肌肉瘤, small, round, blue cell tumour（英语：small, round, blue cell tumour）[2]
muscle-specific actin (MSA)	myosarcoma（英语：myosarcoma） (平滑肌肉瘤, 横纹肌肉瘤)[2]
neurofilament（英语：neurofilament）	神經內分泌腫瘤, 小细胞癌[2]
neuron-specific enolase（英语：neuron-specific enolase） (NSE)	神經內分泌腫瘤, 小细胞癌, 乳癌[2]
placental alkaline phosphatase（英语：placental alkaline phosphatase） (PLAP)	seminoma（英语：seminoma）, 无性细胞瘤, 胚胎性癌[2]
前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)	前列腺[2]
蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶C型受體 (CD45)	淋巴瘤, 白血病, histiocytic sarcoma（英语：histiocytic sarcoma）[2]
S100蛋白	黑色素瘤, 肉瘤 (neurosarcoma（英语：neurosarcoma）, 脂肪瘤, chondrosarcoma（英语：chondrosarcoma）), astrocytoma（英语：astrocytoma）, 胃腸道基質腫瘤, salivary gland cancer（英语：salivary gland cancer）, adenocarcinoma（英语：adenocarcinoma）, histiocytic tumor (樹突狀細胞, 巨噬细胞)[2]
smooth muscle actin (SMA)	胃腸道基質腫瘤, 平滑肌肉瘤, PEComa（英语：PEComa）[2]
突觸素	神經內分泌腫瘤[2]
胸苷激酶	淋巴瘤, 白血病, 肺癌, 前列腺癌
thyroglobulin（英语：thyroglobulin） (Tg)	甲狀腺癌[2]
thyroid transcription factor-1（英语：thyroid transcription factor-1） (TTF-1)	甲狀腺癌, 肺癌[2]
Tumor M2-PK（英语：Tumor M2-PK）	大腸癌,[10] 乳癌,[11][12] renal cell carcinoma（英语：renal cell carcinoma）[13][14] 肺癌,[15][16] 胰臟癌,[17] 食道癌,[18] 胃癌,[18]子宮頸癌,[19] 卵巢癌,[20]
波形蛋白	肉瘤, renal cell carcinoma（英语：renal cell carcinoma）, 子宫内膜癌, 肺癌, 淋巴瘤, 白血病, 黑色素瘤[2]

分子癌症标志物

肿瘤类型	生物标志物
乳腺	ER（雌激素受体）[21][22]
	HER-2/neu[21][22]
结直肠	EGFR[21][22]
	KRAS[21][23]
	UGT1A1[21][23]
胃	HER-2/neu[21]
胃腸道基質腫瘤	c-KIT[21][24]
白血病/淋巴瘤	CD20抗原[21][25]
	CD30[21][26]
	FIP1L1-PDGRFα[21][27]
	PDGFR[21][28]
	费城染色体（BCR/ABL）[21][29][30]
	PML/RARα[21][31]
	TPMT[21][32]
	UGT1A1[21][33]
肺	ALK[21][34][35]
	EGFR[21][22]
	KRAS[21][22]
黑色素瘤	BRAF[21][35]

生物标志物的其它例子：

• 在癌症中抑癌基因表达缺失
  • 例子：BRCA1、BRCA2
• RNA
  • 例子：信使核糖核酸、微RNA ^[36]
• 存在于体液或组织中的蛋白质。
  • 例子：前列腺特异性抗原和CA-125

参考文献

1. “肿瘤标志物”升高，是不是得了癌症？. 瑞金医院. [2021-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-23）. 
2. Page 746 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in: Title Manual of clinical oncology Spiral manual Manual of Clinical Oncology Lippincott Manual Series Authors Dennis Albert Casciato, Mary C. Territo Editors Dennis Albert Casciato, Mary C. Territo Contributor Mary C. Territo Edition 6, illustrated Publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008 ISBN 0-7817-6884-5, ISBN 978-0-7817-6884-9
3. Keshaviah, A; Dellapasqua, S; Rotmensz, N; Lindtner, J; Crivellari, D; Collins, J; Colleoni, M; Thurlimann, B; et al. CA15-3 and alkaline phosphatase as predictors for breast cancer recurrence: A combined analysis of seven International Breast Cancer Study Group trials. Annals of Oncology. 2006, 18 (4): 701–8. PMID 17237474. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl492 . 
4. Definition of CA 27-29. From MedicineNet. Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012. [2021-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-25）. 
5. gpnotebook.co.uk > ca-19-9 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved November 2011
6. Osman N, O'Leary N, Mulcahy E, Barrett N, Wallis F, Hickey K, Gupta R. Correlation of serum CA125 with stage, grade and survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer at a single centre. Ir Med J. September 2008, 101 (8): 245–7. PMID 18990955. 
7. Bast RC, Xu FJ, Yu YH, Barnhill S, Zhang Z, Mills GB. CA 125: the past and the future. Int. J. Biol. Markers. 1998, 13 (4): 179–87. PMID 10228898. doi:10.1177/172460089801300402. 
8. Bagan P, Berna P, Assouad J, Hupertan V, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M. Value of cancer antigen 125 for diagnosis of pleural endometriosis in females with recurrent pneumothorax. Eur. Respir. J. January 2008, 31 (1): 140–2. PMID 17804443. doi:10.1183/09031936.00094206 . 
9. Tumor Markers. [June 6, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-25）. 
10. Haug, U; Rothenbacher, D; Wente, M N; Seiler, C M; Stegmaier, C; Brenner, H. Tumour M2-PK as a stool marker for colorectal cancer: Comparative analysis in a large sample of unselected older adults vs colorectal cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer. 2007, 96 (9): 1329–34. PMC 2360192 . PMID 17406361. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603712. 
11. Lüftner, D; Mesterharm, J; Akrivakis, C; Geppert, R; Petrides, PE; Wernecke, KD; Possinger, K. Tumor type M2 pyruvate kinase expression in advanced breast cancer. Anticancer Research. 2000, 20 (6D): 5077–82. PMID 11326672. 
12. Benesch, C; Schneider, C; Voelker, HU; Kapp, M; Caffier, H; Krockenberger, M; Dietl, J; Kammerer, U; Schmidt, M. The clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of pyruvate kinase M2 and pAkt expression in breast cancer. Anticancer Research. 2010, 30 (5): 1689–94. PMID 20592362. 
13. Oremek, GM; Sapoutzis, N; Kramer, W; Bickeböller, R; Jonas, D. Value of tumor M2 (Tu M2-PK) in patients with renal carcinoma. Anticancer Research. 2000, 20 (6D): 5095–8. PMID 11326675. 
14. Wechsel, HW; Petri, E; Bichler, KH; Feil, G. Marker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): The dimeric form of pyruvate kinase type M2 (Tu M2-PK). Anticancer Research. 1999, 19 (4A): 2583–90. PMID 10470199. 
15. Schneider, J; Peltri, G; Bitterlich, N; Philipp, M; Velcovsky, HG; Morr, H; Katz, N; Eigenbrodt, E. Fuzzy logic-based tumor marker profiles improved sensitivity of the detection of progression in small-cell lung cancer patients. Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2003, 2 (4): 185–91. PMID 12624710. doi:10.1007/s102380300005. 
16. Oremek, G; Kukshaĭte, R; Sapoutzis, N; Ziolkovski, P. The significance of TU M2-PK tumor marker for lung cancer diagnostics. Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 2007, 85 (7): 56–8. PMID 17882813. 
17. Hardt, PD; Ngoumou, BK; Rupp, J; Schnell-Kretschmer, H; Kloer, HU. Tumor M2-pyruvate kinase: A promising tumor marker in the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal cancer. Anticancer Research. 2000, 20 (6D): 4965–8. PMID 11326648. 
18. Kumar, Yogesh; Tapuria, Niteen; Kirmani, Naveed; Davidson, Brian R. Tumour M2-pyruvate kinase: A gastrointestinal cancer marker. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2007, 19 (3): 265–276. PMID 17301655. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3280102f78. 
19. Kaura, B; Bagga, R; Patel, FD. Evaluation of the Pyruvate Kinase isoenzyme tumor (Tu M2-PK) as a tumor marker for cervical carcinoma. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2004, 30 (3): 193–6. PMID 15210041. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2004.00187.x. 
20. Ahmed, AS; Dew, T; Lawton, FG; Papadopoulos, AJ; Devaja, O; Raju, KS; Sherwood, RA. M2-PK as a novel marker in ovarian cancer. A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology. 2007, 28 (2): 83–8. PMID 17479666. 
21. Table of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Drug Labels. U.S Food and Drug Administration. 
22. Tumor Markers Fact Sheet (PDF). American Cancer Society. [2013-07-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-11-05）. 
23. Lenz, Heinz-Josef. EdBk.GI.Colo.04.pdf Established Biomarkers in Colon Cancer 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF). American Society of Clinical Oncology’s 2009 Educational Book. ^{[永久失效連結]}
24. Gonzalez RS, Carlson G, Page AJ, Cohen C. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor markers in cutaneous melanomas: relationship to prognostic factors and outcome. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. July 2011, 136 (1): 74–80. PMID 21685034. doi:10.1309/AJCP9KHD7DCHWLMO. 
25. Tam CS, Otero-Palacios J, Abruzzo LV; et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CD20 expression is dependent on the genetic subtype: a study of quantitative flow cytometry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization in 510 patients. Br. J. Haematol. April 2008, 141 (1): 36–40. PMID 18324964. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07012.x.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
26. Zhang M, Yao Z, Patel H; et al. Effective therapy of murine models of human leukemia and lymphoma with radiolabeled anti-CD30 antibody, HeFi-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. May 2007, 104 (20): 8444–8. PMC 1895969 . PMID 17488826. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702496104.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
27. Yamada Y, Sanchez-Aguilera A, Brandt EB; et al. FIP1L1/PDGFRalpha synergizes with SCF to induce systemic mastocytosis in a murine model of chronic eosinophilic leukemia/hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood. September 2008, 112 (6): 2500–7. PMID 18539901. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-126268.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)^{[永久失效連結]}
28. Nimer SD. Myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. May 2008, 111 (10): 4841–51. PMID 18467609. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-08-078139. ^{[永久失效連結]}
29. Ottmann O, Dombret H, Martinelli G; et al. Dasatinib induces rapid hematologic and cytogenetic responses in adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with resistance or intolerance to imatinib: interim results of a phase 2 study. Blood. October 2007, 110 (7): 2309–15. PMID 17496201. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-02-073528.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)^{[永久失效連結]}
30. Boulos N, Mulder HL, Calabrese CR; et al. Chemotherapeutic agents circumvent emergence of dasatinib-resistant BCR-ABL kinase mutations in a precise mouse model of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. March 2011, 117 (13): 3585–95. PMC 3072880 . PMID 21263154. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-08-301267.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)^{[永久失效連結]}
31. O'Connell PA, Madureira PA, Berman JN, Liwski RS, Waisman DM. Regulation of S100A10 by the PML-RAR-α oncoprotein. Blood. April 2011, 117 (15): 4095–105. PMID 21310922. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-07-298851. ^{[永久失效連結]}
32. Duffy MJ, Crown J. A personalized approach to cancer treatment: how biomarkers can help. Clin. Chem. November 2008, 54 (11): 1770–9. PMID 18801934. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.110056. ^{[永久失效連結]}
33. Ribrag V, Koscielny S, Casasnovas O; et al. Pharmacogenetic study in Hodgkin lymphomas reveals the impact of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on patient prognosis. Blood. April 2009, 113 (14): 3307–13. PMID 18768784. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-03-148874.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)^{[永久失效連結]}
34. Li Y, Ye X, Liu J, Zha J, Pei L. Evaluation of EML4-ALK fusion proteins in non-small cell lung cancer using small molecule inhibitors. Neoplasia. January 2011, 13 (1): 1–11. PMC 3022423 . PMID 21245935. ^{[永久失效連結]}
35. Pao W, Girard N. New driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. February 2011, 12 (2): 175–80 [2013-07-09]. PMID 21277552. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70087-5. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）. 
36. Bartels CL, Tsongalis GJ. MicroRNAs: novel biomarkers for human cancer. Clin. Chem. April 2009, 55 (4): 623–31. PMID 19246618. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.112805. ^{[永久失效連結]}