疣螈属

疣螈屬
	红瘰疣螈 Tylototriton shanjing
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	两生纲 Amphibia
目：	有尾目 Urodela
科：	蠑螈科 Salamandridae
亚科：	肋突螈亚科 Pleurodelinae
属：	疣螈屬 Tylototriton; Andersson, 1871
模式種
	棕黑疣螈; Tylototriton verrucosus; Anderson, 1871
異名
	Liangshantriton Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2012 ; Qianotriton Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2012 ; Qiantriton Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2012 ; Tylotriton Anderson, 1871 ; Yaotriton Dubois & Raffaëlli, 2009;

疣螈属（学名：Tylototriton），是蝾螈科中的一个属，也被称之为鳄鱼蝾螈（crocodile newts）、多节蝾螈（knobby newts）^[1]^[2]。

大多数物种是近期被报道的。它们分布于印度东北部、尼泊尔至缅甸、泰国北部、老挝、越南和中国南方。

特征

疣螈属物种皮肤粗糙，满布瘰粒和疣粒，有的体侧有12～16枚瘰粒或瘰疣连续隆起成纵行。头部扁平而宽短，无唇褶，头侧骨质脊棱明显，背正中脊棱明显。舌卵圆，前后端粘连，两侧游离。指、趾无蹼，尾一般侧扁较长。犁骨齿列呈“∧”形，前端会合；前颌骨2，鼻突短，不达额骨；鼻骨大，介于前颌骨和额骨之间，额鳞弧粗壮；上颌骨长，与方骨相触，翼骨前端或以韧带或直接与上颌骨连接。基舌软骨前端有2对指状突；角鳃骨2对，第二对软骨质，上鳃骨仅1对，骨质细小。大部分卵单生，产于静水中或塘边陆地潮湿环境中。睾丸豆形，每侧2～3叶。早期幼体眼后下方有平衡枝；3对羽状外鳃发达；体尾肥实，尾背鳍起于体背前部。成体一般营陆栖生活。^[3]

物种

截止2022年6月14日，根据 Amphibian Species of the World 中的数据，本属含有36种：^[4]

角疣螈 Tylototriton anguliceps Le, Nguyen, Nishikawa, Nguyen, Pham, Matsui, Bernardes & Nguyen, 2015
安徽疣螈 Tylototriton anhuiensis Qian, Sun, Li, Guo, Pan, Kang, Wang, Jiang, Wu & Zhang, 2017^[5]
细痣疣螈 Tylototriton asperrimus Unterstein, 1930
宽脊疣螈 Tylototriton broadoridgus Shen, Jiang & Mo, 2012
大别疣螈 Tylototriton dabienicus Chen, Wang & Tao, 2010
大娄山疣螈 Tylototriton daloushanensis Zhou, Xiao & Luo, 2022
海南疣螈 Tylototriton hainanensis Fei, Ye & Yang, 1984
喜山疣螈 Tylototriton himalayanus Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang, 2015^[6]
Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi Dufresnes & Hernandez, 2022^[7]
片马疣螈 Tylototriton joe Rao, Zeng, Zhu and Ma, 2022 ^[8]
克钦疣螈 Tylototriton kachinorum Zaw, Lay, Pawangkhanant, Gorin & Poyarkov, 2019^[9]
贵州疣螈 Tylototriton kweichowensis Fang & Chang, 1932
浏阳疣螈 Tylototriton liuyangensis Yang, Jiang, Shen & Fei, 2014^[10]
莽山疣螈 Tylototriton lizhengchangi Hou, Zhang, Jiang, Li & Lu, 2012
茂兰疣螈 Tylototriton maolanensis Li, Wei, Cheng, Zhang, and Wang, 2020
伊洛瓦底疣螈 Tylototriton ngarsuensis Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza, Grismer, Murdoch & Lin,2018，恩加苏疣螈
Tylototriton ngoclinhensis Phung, Pham, Nguyen, Ninh, Nguyen, Bernardes, Le, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2023^[11]
老挝疣螈 Tylototriton notialis Stuart, Phimmachak, Sivongxay & Robichaud, 2010^[12]
潘氏疣螈 Tylototriton panhai Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote & Matsui, 2013^[13]
邦瓦疣螈 Tylototriton panwaensis Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza & Murdoch, 2019
帕氏疣螈 Tylototriton pasmansi
M. Bernardes, M. D. Le, T. Q. Nguyen, C. T. Pham, A. V. Pham, T.T. Nguyen & T. Ziegler^[14]
- Tylototriton pasmansi obsti M. Bernardes, M. D. Le, T. Q. Nguyen, C.T. Pham, A. V. Pham, T.T. Nguyen & T. Ziegler^[14]
普卡疣螈 Tylototriton phukhaensis Pomchote, Khonsue, Thammachoti, Hernandez, Suwannapoom et Nishikawa^[15]
琅勃拉邦疣螈 Tylototriton podichthys Phimmachak, Aowphol & Stuart, 2015^[16]
Tylototriton primigenius Noble, 1928
川南疣螈 Tylototriton pseudoverrucosus Hou, Gu, Zhang, Zeng & Lu, 2012
丽色疣螈 Tylototriton pulcherrimus Hou, Zhang, Li & Lu, 2021
红瘰疣螈 Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang, 1995 — 曾被视为黑棕疣螈^[17]
缅甸疣螈 Tylototriton shanorum Nishikawa, Matsui & Rao, 2014^[18]
辛氏疣螈 Tylototriton sini Lyu, Wang, Zeng, Zhou, Qi, Wan & Wang^[19]
斯氏疣螈 Tylototriton sparreboomi Bernardes, Le, Nguyen, Pham, Pham, Nguyen & Ziegler, 2020^[14]
大凉疣螈 Tylototriton taliangensis Liu, 1950
泰疣螈 Tylototriton thaiorum Poyarkov, Nguyen & Arkhipov, 2021
桐梓疣螈 Tylototriton tongziensis Li, Liu, Shi, Wei & Wang, 2022
翁庞疣螈 Tylototriton umphangensis Pomchote, Peerachidacho, Hernandez, Sapewisut, Khonsue, Thammachoti & Nishikawa, 2021^[20]
清迈疣螈 Tylototriton uyenoi Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote & Matsui, 2013^[13]
黑棕疣螈 Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson, 1871，棕黑疣螈^[21]^[22]^[23]
越南疣螈 Tylototriton vietnamensis Böhme, Schöttler, Nguyen & Köhler, 2005^[24]
文县疣螈 Tylototriton wenxianensis Fei, Ye & Yang, 1984
滇南疣螈 Tylototriton yangi Hou, Zhang, Zhou, Li & Lu, 2012
Tylototriton zaimeng Decemson, Lalremsanga, Elangbam, Vabeiryureilai, Shinde, Purkayastha, Arkhipov, Bragin & Poyarkov, 2023^[25]
蔡氏疣螈 Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui & Nguyen, 2013^[2]

保育狀況

本属所有种均被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二的物種，被限制出口及貿易。

红瘰疣螈 Tylototriton shanjing
黑棕疣螈 Tylototriton verrucosus
蔡氏疣螈（Tylototriton ziegleri）

参考

^ Max Sparreboom. Tylototriton Anderson, 1871. Salamanders of the Old World. 2013 [14 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-06）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Nishikawa, Kanto; Masafumi Matsui, and Tao Thien Nguyen. A new species of Tylototriton from northern Vietnam (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae). Current Herpetology. 2013, 32: 34–49. doi:10.5358/hsj.32.34.
^ 费梁，胡淑琴，叶昌媛，黄永昭等 (编). 中国动物志·两栖纲（上卷）·总论蚓螈目有尾目第一版. 北京: 科学出版社. 2005: 256. ISBN 7-03-016147-5.
^ Frost, Darrel R. 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.1 (2022-06-14). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Caudata/Salamandridae/Pleurodelinae/Tylototriton （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
^ Lifu Qian, Xiaonan Sun, Jiaqi Li, Weibo Guo, Tao Pan, Xing Kang, Hui Wang, Jianping Jiang, Jun Wu and Baowei Zhang. 2017. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from the Southern Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province. Asian Herpetological Research. 8(3); 151-164. ahr-journal.com/en/oa/DArticle.aspx?type=view&id=20170301 ahr-journal.com/Upload/PaperUpLoad/42205d91-544a-408f-ad4c-bdd8ec2a197a.pdf
^ Janak Raj Khatiwada, Bin Wang, Subarna Ghimire, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Shanta Paudel and Jianping Jiang. 2015. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from Eastern Himalaya. Asian Herpetological Research. 6(4); 245-256.
^ Christophe Dufresnes and Axel Hernandez. 2023. Towards Completing the Crocodile Newts’ Puzzle with All-inclusive Phylogeographic Resources. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlac038. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac038
^ Rao, D.-q. 2022 "2020". Atlas of Wildlife in Southwest China: Amphibian [in Chinese]. Zhu, J.-G., and D.-q. Rao eds., Atlas of Wildlife in Southwest China: Amphibian: 1–448 (printed in 2020 but not distributed until 2022). Beijing, Beijing Publishing Group.(中国西南野生动物图谱两栖动物卷朱建国饶定齐. 北京出版集团，北京出版社.)
^ Than Zaw, Paw Lay, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Vladislav A. Gorin and Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Jr. 2019. A New Species of Crocodile Newt, Genus Tylototriton (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from the Mountains of Kachin State, northern Myanmar. Zoological Research. 40(3); 151-174. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.043
^ YANG Daode, JIANG Jianping, SHEN Youhui and FEI Dongbo. 2014. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Urodela: Salamandridae) from Northeastern Hunan Province, China. ASIAN HERPETOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 5(1):1-11. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1245.2014.00001
^ Trung My Phung, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen, Hoa Thi Ninh, Huy Quoc Nguyen, Marta Bernardes, Son Thanh Le, Thomas Ziegler and Tao Thien Nguyen. 2023. Southbound – the Southernmost Record of Tylototriton (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam represents A New Species. ZooKeys. 1168: 193-218. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1168.96091
^ Stuart, B.L., Phimmachak, S., Sivongxay, N. & Robichaud, W.G., 2010. A New Species in the Tylototriton asperrimus Group (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Central Laos. Zootaxa, 2650: 19-32.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Nishikawa, Kanto, Wichase Khonsue, Porrawee Pomchote and Masafumi Matsui. 2013. Two New Species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae). Zootaxa. 3737(3): 261-279. http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3737.3.5 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Marta Bernardes, Minh Duc Le, Truong Quang Nguyen, Cuong The Pham, Anh Van Pham, Tao Thien Nguyen, Dennis Rödder, Michael Bonkowski and Thomas Ziegler. 2020. Integrative Taxonomy reveals Three New Taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus Complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys. 935: 121-164. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.935.37138
^ Porrawee Pomchote, Wichase Khonsue, Panupong Thammachoti, Axel Hernandez, Parada Peerachidacho, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Yasuho Onishi and Kanto Nishikawa. 2020. A New Species of Tylototriton (Urodela: Salamandridae) from Nan Province, Northern Thailand. Tropical Natural History. 20(2); 144-161. tci-thaijo.org/index.php/TNH/article/view/240064
^ Somphouthone Phimmachak, Bryan L. Stuart and Anchalee Aowphol. 2015. Ecology and Natural History of the Knobby Newt Tylototriton podichthys (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Laos. RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY. 63: 389–400
^ Frost, Darrel R. Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson, 1871. Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. 2013 [14 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-01）.
^ Kanto Nishikawa, Masafumi Matsui and Dingqi Rao. 2014. A New Species of Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from Central Myanmar. The Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 60(1):9-22.
^ Zhi-Tong Lyu, Jian Wang, Zhao-Chi Zeng, Jia-Jun Zhou, Shuo Qi, Han Wan, You-Yu Li and Ying-Yong Wang. 2021. A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Guangdong, southern China, with Discussion on the Subgenera and Species Groups within the Genus. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 697-710. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e73563
^ Axel Hernandez, Daniel Escoriza, Porrawee Pomchote and Mian Hou. 2019. New localities for Tylototriton uyenoi, T. panhai and T. anguliceps in Thailand with remarks on the southernmost distribution of the genus. The Herpetological Bulletin. 147: 15–18. DOI: 10.33256/hb147.1518
^ Wichase Khonsue, Thosapol Chaiananporn and Porrawee Pomchote. 2010. Skeletochronological Assessment of Age in the Himalayan Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton verrucosus (Anderson, 1871) from Thailand. Tropical Natural History. 10(2): 181-188.
^ Pomchote, P., Pariyanonth, P. & Khonsue, W. 2008. Two Distinctive Color Patterns of the Himalayan Newt Tylototriton verrucosus (Urodela: Salamandridae) Found in Thailand and Its Implication on Geographic Segregation. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University. 8, 35–43.
^ Mingwang Zhang, Guohua Yu, Dingqi Rao, Yimei Huang, Junxing Yang and Yan Li, 2013. A Species Boundary Within the Tylototriton verrucosus Group (Urodela: Salamandroidae) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evidence. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 12: 337-343.
^ Böhme, W., Schöttler, T., Nguyen, T.Q. & Köhler, J. 2005. A new species of salamander, genus Tylototriton (Urodela: Salamandridae), from northern Vietnam. Salamandra. 41, 215–220.
^ Ht. Decemson, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Premjit Singh Elangbam, Mathipi Vabeiryureilai, Parag Shinde, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Dmitriy V. Arkhipov, Andrey M. Bragin, Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2023. A New cryptic Species of Tylototriton (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from mysterious mountain lakes in Manipur, north-eastern India. Herpetozoa. 36: 203-224. DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.36.e106614