玉环城墙

清光绪六年(1880)《玉环厅志》玉环治图(左),1970年12月原玉环县城及周边地区卫星航拍(右)

玉环城墙为旧玉环厅城城墙,位于今中华人民共和国浙江省台州市玉环市玉城街道,现仅存部分北城墙遗址。

历史

玉环为清雍正六年(1728)析太平乐清两县地置厅[1],厅治位于玉环岛中部盆地,四周环山,唯东南角面海。城墙由首任同知张坦熊始建于雍正八年(1730)秋,雍正十年(1732)三月竣工[2],道光和同治年间重修。民国三十二年(1943)开始拆部分城墙条石建县政府办公楼,1949年后其余城墙也被逐渐拆除,砖石用于铺砌街道和建造公房[3]。2014年重建约500米长的东北段山上城墙及北门宁涛门[4]

建筑

清末玉环厅城布局示意图,以1970年卫星航拍为底图绘制。

玉环城墙北跨中青山(又名北门山)和东青山[5],东、西、南三面利用自然河道修整后作护城河,形似朝珠。城周九百六十一丈五尺五寸(约3076.96米),高、宽均为二丈四尺(约7.68米)[2],设有陆门四座、水门一座,四座陆门分别为东门靖海门(今东门桥西北侧)、西门永清门(今西青街原国营饮食店东侧)、南门镇远门(今珠城东路与广陵路交叉口处)和北门宁涛门(今北门山山顶),东西城门外设有瓮城[6]。水门位于东南侧(今天开河三叉桥西北侧),沟通城内外河道,兼用于内河泄水和水路进出[7]

玉环城墙主要以条石叠砌,据考证可能取自洞头大门岛[4]。最初因玉环地势东涂西岭,运输不便,难以筑城,恰在雍正八年(1730)七月因雷雨自然冲开一渠,自城南塘洋河一带直达后𡋟(今名后蛟),运石船只遂抵城下,该渠亦因此而得名天开河[2][8]

原城内以位于同知署前、连通东西两门的黄旗大街为主街(今以城中路为界,西段统称西青街,东段称东城路),西接西门外商铺聚集的西青街[9],南接通往南门的南正街(今广陵路)。主要建筑有同知署(亦称厅治,位于城北中青山南麓,已不存,其址今为玉环市政府大院)、巡检署(位于同知署西南,已不存)、参将署(位于城东北东青山南麓,早年已圮)、大有仓(位于同知署西,已不存)、学宫(玉环县学文庙,位于城东南,主体建筑已不存,仅存泮池泮桥,为玉环市文物保护单位,其址今为环山小学)、考棚(玉环试院,位于学宫东,已不存)、城隍庙(位于同知署东,已不存,其址今为玉环市政府东院)和环山书院(原位于同知署西南,后迁入考棚,已不存)等[10]

清光绪六年(1880)《玉环厅志》(下同)玉环同知署和大有仓
玉环学宫
玉环考棚(也名试院、校士馆)

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 清·杜冠英、胥寿荣修,吕鸿焘纂,《光绪玉环厅志·卷二·建置·城池》:雍正六年总督李卫题准展复玉环山,设玉环同知专驻剳,复析太平二十四五六等都玉环乡地以附益之。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 清·张坦熊《玉环城记》(见《光绪玉环厅志·卷二·建置·城池》):玉环四面滨海,形势孤悬。仰荷国家威德遐暨,展复招徕。宫保制府李公以其地为温台之门户,高其城垣以资屏障。其制高二丈四尺,阔二丈四尺,尽用石条叠砌,费亦钜矣。……独是规制既大,石必取之他所,而玉环居深山大海之中,东涂西岭,不无苦于运辇之艰。维时节届秋初,雷雨时行,于塘洋后𡋟之间冲成河道,于是运土辇石,人乐便易。工始于八年之秋,至十年三月而城已告竣。周围长九百六十一丈五尺五寸,城垛六百七十五个,开四门,东曰靖海,西曰永清,南曰镇远,北曰宁涛。其名皆制府之所定,余因凿石以颜于城门之上。夫当开创之始,事钜工烦,非我皇上至德深仁,上动天鉴,亦安望际版筑之期,获神灵之助,辟河载石,成功若斯之易易哉。
  3. ^ 玉环市委党史研究室. 《玉环厅城遗址》. 玉环史志网. [2021-03-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-25). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 林士松. 《玉环厅城垣探究》. 玉环新闻网. [2021-03-30]. 
  5. ^ 《光绪玉环厅志·卷一·舆地·叙山》:中青山在厅治后(一名北门山),由峦岩山发脉,跨山为城,厅署建于山麓。……山顶即宁涛门,有元武观。东青山半在城内,东隅瑶隩(有东、中、西三隩)山麓有先农坛,洪福观。
  6. ^ 《光绪玉环厅志·卷二·建置·城池》:玉环枕山为城,周围九百六十一丈五尺五寸,城堞六百七十五堵,门楼四,东曰靖海,南曰镇远,西曰永清,北曰宁涛,东西月城三十八丈九尺,炮台四座,水门一座,盘诘厅三所,雍正八年同知张坦熊建。道光二十六年同知龙光甸重修。同治间城墙崩坍,同知黄维诰谕令绅士韩承烈、林凤岐等劝捐督役兴修,计城堞三百二十九堵,外城身一百八十六丈,内城身一百二十四丈。由西门至东门以河为池,光绪四年同知杜冠英因河水淤塞,令绅士林凤岐等劝捐疏浚。
  7. ^ 《光绪玉环厅志·卷一·舆地·叙水》:城河在城内外,西河之源自双凤溪,曲折经校场第一、永定二桥迤东与中青水会,环流城南。内河之源由厅治后山流至厅署西偏,历巡署东南通渠入河,东出水门与东青、瑶隩河水合流,注玉环河。暴雨不时,沙石奔腾,河渠易塞,道光七年同知陆玉书鸠工疏浚,光绪三年杜冠英又倡捐重浚。
  8. ^ 《光绪玉环厅志·卷一·舆地·叙水》:天开河在城东陡门头下塘洋后𡋟之间,源自西青、中青二水,引流环城南而东,与东青水会合,注玉环河。……国朝雍正八年展复伊始,将筑城,七月中雷雨冲开一渠,直通后𡋟浦,计长一千三百二十丈,载石之舟可抵城下,故称天开河。
  9. ^ 《光绪玉环厅志·卷二·建置·街市》:黄旗大街在厅治前,东通靖海门,西至永清门,西青街在永清门外,居民贩鲜聚市于此。
  10. ^ 董招春. 《留下历史记忆——记清代玉环厅城市建设与重大工程历史遗迹》. 玉环新闻网. [2021-03-30]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-06). 

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