歸謬法

歸謬法拉丁語Reductio ad absurdum)是一種論證方式。首先歸就是順著他的意思,謬就是反駁錯誤的[1][2][3][4]

歸謬法與反證法相似,差別在於反證法只限於推理出邏輯上矛盾的結果。

示例

例一(推理出矛盾的結果)

  • 假設 有理數,則可令 最簡分數,此時 互質
    左右平方得
    由於只有偶數平方是偶數,因此 必為偶數,故設
    代入上式得 ,故知 為偶數
    由於 皆為偶數,不互質,與前述 互質矛盾
    因此原假設是錯的,故知 不是有理數,只能是無理數
  • 維持死刑指的是保留施用某種死刑的可能,廢除死刑是不再保留施用任何死刑的可能,
    假定維持死刑和廢除死刑之間有折衷方案,而x是一個折衷方案,同時算是死刑和非死刑,用以替代死刑,
    假如x會讓受刑人真的死掉,那x就是一種死刑,此與原假設矛盾,
    假如x不會讓受刑人真的死掉,那x就不是一種死刑,此也與原假設矛盾,
    因此假定在x中,受刑人處於假死狀態,因此在名義上算是死了,但在事實上,被冷凍起來的受刑人沒有真的死掉,因此介於死掉和活著之間,
    而就定義上來看,只要還沒死就是活著,只要還活著就還沒死,因此處在假死狀態的人,其實還是活著,不能算是死掉,
    而死刑在定義上受刑人必須真的死掉,因此在這種狀況下,x不能算是死刑,此與原假設矛盾,
    既然不管哪種狀況,x要不就是死刑,要不就不是死刑,那x就不是折衷方案。

例二(推理出不符已知事實的結果)

  • 假設總統是女人,女人應該有突出的乳房,但總統曾裸露上身跑步,而從新聞錄像可看到他並沒有突出的乳房,因此總統不會是女人。
  • 龍樹《大智度論》 :佛說六識,意識所緣的諸法都是生滅法,如果存在「我法」的話,應該有第七識去識別它,但是沒有第七識存在,因此無我[5]

例三(推理出荒謬難以接受的結果)

  • 在統計學上,如果要依據一組樣本來證明關於母體的某個假設(一般稱作虛無假設)為非,可先推導出在該假設成立的前提下,樣本內的某個統計量的機率分布,而如果實際樣本中的統計量是在此機率分布當中非常極端的範圍內(一般稱作拒絕域),即可證明原假設是錯誤的。
  • 假如殺人都應該償命,小美家被歹徒闖入洗劫一空,小美還被歹徒強暴,後來小美趁歹徒不注意拿起身邊利器抵抗,不小心把歹徒弄死了,那麼小美該死嗎?(此例涉及正当防卫
  • 假如國家不可殺人,因此該廢除死刑,那麼當國家發生內亂時,國家也不能派兵平亂,因為要派兵平亂,有時就是得開槍殺人,這樣還能說國家不可殺人嗎?

另见

註解

  1. ^ The Definitive Glossary of Higher Mathematical Jargon — Proof by Contradiction. Math Vault. 2019-08-01 [2019-11-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-28) (美国英语). 
  2. ^ Reductio ad absurdum | logic. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-11-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-10) (英语). 
  3. ^ reductio ad absurdum, Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 12th, 2014 [1991] [October 29, 2016], (原始内容存档于2021-03-10) 
  4. ^ Nicholas Rescher. Reductio ad absurdum. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [21 July 2009]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-12). 
  5. ^ 《大智度論》卷12:「問曰:云何我不可得?答曰:如上我聞一時中已說,今當更說。佛說六識:眼識及眼識相應法,共緣色,不緣屋舍、城郭種種諸名。耳、鼻、舌、身識,亦如是。意識及意識相應法,知眼、知色、知眼識,乃至知意、知法、知意識。是識所緣法,皆空無我。生滅故,不自在故。無為法中亦不計我,苦樂不受故。是中若彊有我法,應當有第七識識我;而今不爾,以是故知無我。」

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