暹緬戰爭 (1765年–1767年)

暹緬戰爭 (1765年-1767年)
泰緬戰爭的一部分

緬甸軍隊入侵暹羅的路線:

  淺灰色為暹羅
  深灰色為緬甸及其屬國(萬象、琅勃拉邦等)
  淡灰褐色為第三國領土(柬埔寨等)
  橙色為進軍路線;“A”與“C”為主力進軍路線

  白色和灰色線條為今日泰緬邊境
日期1765年8月23日[1] —1767年4月7日[2][3]
地点
结果 緬甸勝利,阿瑜陀耶王朝滅亡
领土变更 緬甸短暫地佔領暹羅,並永久性兼併了下德林達依地區[4]
参战方
緬甸貢榜王朝 暹羅阿瑜陀耶王朝
指挥官与领导者
辛標信
瑪哈·瑙亞塔
內苗·希哈巴迪

埃甲他 
烏通蓬

達信
参战单位

緬甸皇家軍隊,包括:

撣族兵團
佬族兵團
孟族徵調軍
曼尼普爾騎兵
泰族徵調軍
暹羅皇家軍隊
兵力

最初侵略軍:
40,000[5] to 50,000[6]

  • 北面:20,000人
  • 南面:20,000人–30,000人

暖武里 20,000人[5]
阿瑜陀耶外圍: 50,000人[7]

圍攻阿瑜陀耶城: 40,000人以上

最初防禦軍隊:

  • 北面:不詳
  • 南面:60,000人以上[3]

暖武里: 60,000人[3]
阿瑜陀耶外圍:50,000人[7]

阿瑜陀耶城防禦戰:不詳

暹緬戰爭(1765年-1767年)緬甸語ယိုးဒယား-မြန်မာစစ် (၁၇၆၅–၁၇၆၇)),泰國人稱之為第二次阿瑜陀耶陷落之戰泰語สงครามคราวเสียกรุงศรีอยุธยาครั้งที่สอง),指的是暹羅(今泰國阿瑜陀耶王朝緬甸貢榜王朝之間發生的第二次戰爭。這場戰爭開始於1765年,以1767年阿瑜陀耶王朝首都阿瑜陀耶的陷落為終結的標誌。長達四個世紀的阿瑜陀耶王朝自此滅亡。[8]但隨即緬甸為了應付清缅战争中的中国清朝军队入侵而將大軍撤回,1770年,暹羅將軍鄭昭率軍驅逐了剩余的緬甸軍隊,建立了新的王朝——吞武里王朝[9]

過程

這場戰爭是1759年至1760年英语Burmese–Siamese War (1759–60)兩國戰爭的延續。緬甸的戰爭藉口是暹羅支持緬甸邊境的叛軍,此外緬甸還希望控制德林達依沿岸及其貿易。[10][11] 1765年8月,北緬甸軍隊兩萬入侵暹羅北部;到了10月,三支總數為兩萬人的南緬甸軍隊也入侵暹羅,對其首都阿瑜陀耶展開了鉗形攻勢。1766年1月底,緬甸軍隊在數量上佔有絕對優勢,但在暹羅的防線面前仍無法協同作戰,直到他們在阿瑜陀耶城下會合以後才得以扭轉。[8][12]

圍攻阿瑜陀耶正處於清军入侵緬甸的第一回合戰鬥期間。暹羅人認為他們能夠堅持到雨季,而阿瑜陀耶中部平原的季節性氾濫能夠迫使緬甸軍隊撤退。然而緬甸國王辛標信認為清朝的出兵只是小規模的邊境衝突,決定繼續圍城。1766年雨季(6月至10月),戰鬥轉而在氾濫的平原上展開,但暹羅人未能扭轉戰局。[8][12]旱季到來的時候,清朝對緬甸發動了更大規模的征讨,但辛標信依然拒絕召回大軍。1767年3月,暹羅國王埃甲他希望成為緬甸的朝貢國,但緬甸卻要求他無條件投降。[3] 4月7日,緬甸洗劫了這座饑荒的城市。這是緬甸歷史上第二次攻陷此城,當時緬甸軍隊的暴行為如今的泰緬關係打上了黑色印記。成千上萬名暹羅戰俘被帶往緬甸重新安置。

緬甸對暹羅的佔領是短暫的。1767年11月,清军大規模入侵緬甸,迫使辛標信將留在暹羅的緬甸大軍撤回。在隨之而來的暹羅內戰裡,鄭昭於1770年中期率軍驅逐了緬甸軍隊,建立吞武里王朝。清军於1769年第四次征讨緬甸后与缅甸军方首领议和。但中缅两国都对和约不满意,故两国边境在其后的一段时间内仍处于紧张局势。

此後又陷入了新的僵局。緬甸兼併了原來屬於暹羅的下德林達依地區,但未能吞併暹羅,暹羅則支持緬甸東部和南部邊境一帶的叛軍。在此後的幾年裡,辛標信將目光放在了來自清朝的威脅上,未與暹羅重開戰端;直到1775年暹羅支持蘭納人叛亂的時候才再次與暹羅開戰。此後的暹羅統治者更為善戰,他們曾在1775年至1776年以及1785年至1786年的兩場戰爭中擊敗緬甸,並且佔領了蘭納。

参考文献

  1. ^ Maung Maung Tin, Vol. 1, p. 285
  2. ^ Maung Maung Tin, Vol. 1, p. 303
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wyatt, p. 118
  4. ^ Harvey, p. 202
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Harvey, p. 250
  6. ^ Kyaw Thet, pp. 300–301
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Htin Aung, p. 184
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Harvey, pp. 250–253
  9. ^ Wyatt, p. 122
  10. ^ Baker, et al, p. 21
  11. ^ James, p. 302
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Phayre, pp. 188–189

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