广和楼

广和楼,原址位于北京市东城区前门肉市街46号,是一座历史悠久的剧场。[1]

简介

广和楼原名查楼查家楼,建于明朝末年,位于前门大街肉市街路东。清朝吴长元《宸垣识略》(1788年初刊本)卷九说:“查楼在肉市,明巨室查氏所建戏楼,本朝为广和戏园。入口有小木坊,旧书‘查楼’二字。乾隆庚子毁于火,今重建,书‘广和查楼’。”清朝戴璐《藤阴杂记》(1796年成书)说:“《亚谷丛书》云,京师戏馆,惟太平园、四宜园最久,其次则查家楼、月明楼,此康熙末年酒园也。查楼木榜尚存,改名广和。”[2][1][3]清朝杨掌生《梦华琐簿》(1842年)说:“余道光壬辰(1832年)北来卸装,所见惟查楼尚存,即今前门外肉市广和楼也,对门有小巷通大街,尚榜日查楼口,或讹呼茶楼矣。”[3]

查楼(广和楼)斜对着东西走向并通往前门大街(原称正阳门大街)的小三条。小三条西口有一木制牌楼,上面曾题有“查楼”、“广和茶楼”等匾额。中华民国时期,这座小木牌楼是在一丈多高的木柱上搭造,牌楼上端用铁片缕刻有聚宝盆装饰花纹,上写“广和楼”三字。中华人民共和国时期,小牌楼多次改制,1980年代末已被完全拆除。[3]2000年代的前门大街改造中,该牌楼复建,为铁制,上题“广和楼”三字。

查楼原是明朝末查氏家族的别墅,戏台在查家别墅内。[4]查氏家族并非盐商,而是世代为官。[1]明朝时候的戏园内也卖酒菜,所以戏园也称酒楼;到清朝戏园不再卖酒,仅卖茶点,所以戏园也称茶楼。[1]民间传说康熙帝曾到此看戏,并赐台联:“日月灯,江海油,风雷鼓板,天地间一番戏场;尧舜旦,文武末,莽操丑净,古今来许多角色。”康熙二十八年(1689年),洪昇创作的《长生殿》初成,赵执信改定并邀请北京名流在查楼观剧,这是一次堂会演出,恰逢佟皇后丧期,所以演出犯禁,观剧者受革职和革去国学生籍的处分。[4]

清朝雍正五年(1727年),因查氏家族的查嗣庭卷入文字狱案(查嗣庭的哥哥查嗣琏查嗣瑮也遭牵累),查楼被朝廷没收,归内务府掌管,并且对民间出租。此后数易其手,都是采用合股的方式。更名“广和楼”应当是在此之后。[2][1]据说乾隆年间还一度短暂得名为“金陵楼”。[1]光绪年间,广和楼连遭两次火灾,后来北京“白薯王”王静斋(王杰)重修该楼,定名为“广和楼戏园”,后传给其子王善堂。[4][1]同治光绪年间,戏台柱有一副据说是陆润庠所题的对联:“学君臣,学父子,学夫妇,学朋友,汇千古忠孝节义,重重演出,漫道逢场作戏;或富贵,或贫贱,或喜怒,或哀乐,将一时离合悲欢,细细看来,管教拍案惊奇。”[3]

日本人冈田玉山《唐土名胜图会》(成书于清朝嘉庆七年)中载有《查楼》图,曾被视为查楼惟一形象史料,被收录在《中国大百科全书·戏曲卷》。但后来有中国戏曲界专家质疑该图真实性,怀疑此图是日本人由《宸垣识略》杜撰而成。[1]

清朝光绪三十二年(1906年)起,京剧“喜连成”科班在广和楼唱戏,约1909年离开。中华民国成立后,民国二年(1913年)广和楼与“富连成社”(原“喜连成”更名)签订了长期合同,双方又合作了约20年。[2]京剧演员梅兰芳马连良谭富英雷喜福等都曾在此演出。梅兰芳9岁师从吴菱仙,光绪三十年(1904年)七月初七,11岁的梅兰芳在广和楼初次登台。当天,斌庆班在广和楼贴演《天河配》,梅兰芳在戏中串演昆曲长生殿·鹊桥密誓》中的织女[4]

“富连成”科班演员均为男性,广和楼也一直不卖女座。民国八年(1919年)加演夜戏时,楼上一律卖女座,楼下一律卖男座;但日场仍不卖女座。票价每人16枚铜钱(1919年北京1银圆兑换130枚铜钱)民国二十年(1930年)(一说到民国二十一年即1931年)呈请北平市社会局批准后,广和楼才开始男女合座。民国二十三年(1934年)后,广和楼改为听戏买戏票,并将长条板凳座位改为带靠背横排座椅。[2]中华民国时期,该楼曾有一副对联:“广厦一间尽罗名士,和平万岁同享自由。”[1]

1937年七七事变后,日军占领北平。王氏后人不善经营,且广和楼建筑设备陈旧,最终停业。王氏后人以90万元伪币的价格将广和楼出让给日本翻译李文轩。1945年日本投降后,李文轩将广和楼拆除准备重建。后因财力不足,李文轩又被国民政府逮捕入狱,广和楼的地皮被交给银行作为抵押,直到1949年北平和平解放时,广和楼仍是一片废墟。[3]

中华人民共和国成立后,中国人民银行出资重建广和楼为银行内部礼堂。后根据上级指示,移交北京市文化局。1954年更名为广和剧场,经重新修整后,于1955年中华人民共和国国庆节投入使用。1950年代至1960年代,广和剧场归北京京剧团使用。北京京剧团的正副团长是“五大头牌”马连良谭富英张君秋裘盛戎赵燕侠,这十多年是广和剧场的黄金时代。文革爆发后,广和剧场一度停止使用。[4][1][3]文革期间,曾更名为“工农兵影剧场”,后复名广和剧场。[5]1970年代末划归北京市河北梆子剧团。1980年代中期以后,因戏曲演出市场不景气,转型为综合性文体活动场所,从事过电影、录像、电子游艺等业务。2000年广和剧场被宣布为危房而停业。[4][1][3]2007年北京市文化局宣布广和剧场将迁址重建。[6][7]不久广和剧场原建筑遭到拆除。[4]

2015年,北京市文化委员会主任工作会议召开,会上宣布北京市2015年计划重建和恢复广和剧场、中和戏院吉祥戏院[8]

参考文献

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