希腊-弗里吉亚语

希腊-弗里吉亚语族
Greco-Phrygian
地理分佈	巴尔干半岛南部、安纳托利亚和塞浦路斯
谱系学分类	印欧语系 希腊-弗里吉亚语族
分支	希腊语族 弗里吉亚语
–
Glottolog	grae1234[1]

希腊-弗里吉亚语族是印欧语系假定的次级分类，包含希腊语族和弗里吉亚语。

主流观点一般认为希腊语是弗里吉亚语关系最近的亲属，支持者有Brixhe、Neumann、Matzinger、Woodhouse、Ligorio、Lubotsky和Obrador-Cursach。此外，Obrador Cursach收集的36条共同创新证据中，弗里吉亚语和希腊语共享34个，其中22个是它们独有的。最近50年来，弗里吉亚语学界发展出了希腊-弗里吉亚语假说，认为希腊语和弗里吉亚语有共同祖先。如果弗里吉亚语的语料能再多些，这种语言应该能被构拟出来。^{[2]:72[3]:171[4]:1816[5]:102[6]:238-239[6]:243}

证据

语言学家Claude Brixhe指出下列希腊语和弗里吉亚语共享且特有的特征：^[2]

• 以-s结尾的阳性名词主格单数自成一类
• 派生自名词的动词自成一类
• 代词auto-
• 分词后缀-meno-
• 词根kako-
• 连词ai

Obrador-Cursach (2019)给出了语音学、形态学和词汇学证据以支持希腊语和弗里吉亚语间的紧密关系，并附以弗里吉亚语、希腊语、亚美尼亚语、阿尔巴尼亚语和印度-伊朗语族的共同创新。^[6]:234-238

语音

弗里吉亚语特征	希腊	亚美尼亚	阿尔巴尼亚	印度-伊朗
颚音	+	-	-	-
*CRh₃C > *CRōC	+	-	-	-
/s/失落	+	+	+	-
词首增元音	+	+	+	-
*-ih₂ > -iya	+	-	+	-
*ki̯- > s-	+	-	-	-
*-m > -n	+	+	?	-
*M > T	-	+	-	-

形态^[a]

弗里吉亚语特征	希腊	亚美尼亚	阿尔巴尼亚	印度-伊朗
条件的ai	+	-	-	-
e增音	+	+	+	+
e-指示词	+	-	-	-
*-eh₂-s 阳性	+	-	-	-
t-扩大	+	-	-	-
-e-yo-中的动词	+	-	-	-
-o-yo-中的动词	+	-	-	-
*-d^hn̥	+	-	-	-
*d^hh₁s-ó-	+	-	-	-
*-eu̯-/*-ēu̯-	+	-	-	-
*g^u̯her-mo-	+	+	+	-
*g^u̯neh₂-ik-	+	+	-	-
*h₂eu̯-to-	+	-	+	-
*h₃nh₃-mn-	+	+	-	-
*méǵh₂-s	+	-	-	-
*meh₁	+	+	+	+
*-mh₁no-	+	-	-	-
ni(y)/νι	+	-	-	-
*-(t)or	-	?	-	-
-toy/-τοι	+	-	-	+

1. 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。

词汇^[a]

弗里吉亚语特征	希腊	亚美尼亚	阿尔巴尼亚	印度-伊朗
*b^hoh₂-t-/*b^heh₂-t-	+	-	-	-
*(h₁)en-mén-	+	-	-	-
*ǵ^hl̥h₃-ró-	+	-	-	-
kako-	+	-	-	-
ken-	+	+	-	-
*koru̯-	+	-	-	-
*mōro-	+	-	-	-
*sleh₂g^u̯-	+	-	-	-

1. 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。

其他假设

希腊语也曾被与亚美尼亚语和印度-伊朗语族(希腊-亚美尼亚语、希腊-雅利安语)、古马其顿语(希腊语族)、晚些时候和梅萨比语被划在一起。希腊语和古马其顿语最常组成希腊语族；其他时候古马其顿语被视作是希腊语方言，这时候希腊语族只包括希腊语方言。语言学家瓦茨拉夫·布拉热科认为，就这些语言的系属分类而言，“语料中的词汇尚不足以支持定量分析”(参见语料库语言学和定量比较语言学)。^[7]:6

参考

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
2. Brixhe, Claude. Phrygian. Woodard, Roger D (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. （原始内容存档于2022-03-19）. "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek."
3. Woodhouse 2009:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.
4. Ligorio & Lubotsky (2018): "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations [...] It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE.
5. Obrador-Cursach 2018:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.
6. Obrador-Cursach 2020:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44). 引用错误：带有name属性“FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
7. Blažek, Václav. On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: survey (PDF). Linguistica Online. November 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISSN 1801-5336. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-20）. 

书目

• Ligorio, Orsat; Lubotsky, Alexander. Phrygian. Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. HSK 41.3. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018 [2021-10-01]. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-022. （原始内容存档于2021-08-16）. ^:1816–1831
• Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions (PDF). University of Barcelona - Faculty of Philology - Department of Classical, Romance and Semitic Philology. 2018 [2021-10-01]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-08）. 
• Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages. Journal of Language Relationship. 2020, 17 (3–4) [2021-10-01]. S2CID 215769896. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407 . （原始内容存档于2020-10-18）. 
• Woodhouse, Robert. An overview of research on Phrygian from the nineteenth century to the present day. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. 2009, 126 (1) [2021-10-01]. ISSN 2083-4624. （原始内容存档于2021-06-06）. 

阅读更多

• Blažek, Václav. Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages (PDF). Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity 10. Brno: Masarykova univerzita: 15–33. 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 80-210-3784-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-05-09）. 
• Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, Mark (编). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002. ^:246–266
• Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction 2nd. Blackwell. 2011. ^{:203, 252}
• Masson, Olivier. Anatolian Languages. Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (编). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ^:668–669
• Woudhuizen, Fred C. Phrygian & Greek (PDF). Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society 40–41: 181–217. 2008–2009. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 April 2014）.