奇異物質

奇異物質(英語:strange matter)是夸克物質英语QCD matter的一種特例,通常認為是包含上夸克下夸克奇夸克的流體。這是與核物质英语nuclear matter質子中子等構成的普通物質)及非奇異夸克物質(non-strange quark matter,除奇異物質外的夸克物質)相對的概念。該種物質被假定存在於中子星的核中,甚至可能是尺寸從飛米級別(奇異夸克團)到千米級別(夸克星)的獨立存在的物質。

奇異物質的兩種含義

粒子物理學天體物理學中,奇異物質有廣義和狹義的兩種含義:[1][2]

  1. 廣義上指含有三種的夸克上夸克下夸克奇夸克的夸克物質。在這個定義下,奇異物質有一個臨界壓力及與之相關的臨界密度,而當由質子中子構成的核子物質被壓縮超越這個密度,便會分解成夸克,產生夸克物質(可能是奇異物質) 。
  2. 狹義上指比核物質更穩定的夸克物質,換言之,物質真正的基態應該是夸克物質。這是博德默[3]爱德华·威滕[4]的“奇異物質假說”(strange matter hypot)中提出的。在此定義下,奇異物質的臨界壓力是零,我們周圍的核子物質,其實在一種亞穩定狀態中,它們在足夠長的一段時間後(或給予特定的條件時)會衰變成奇異物質。

僅在高壓下存在的奇異物質

在廣義的定義下,如果一顆中子星核心的密度夠高(高於臨界密度),它的核心內就會產生夸克物質,或許就是奇異物質。不難理解,如果臨界密度太高以至於無法達到,就會生成非奇異的夸克物質。粲夸克及更重的夸克只在高得多的密度下出現。

有奇異物質核心的中子星通常[1][2]稱作混合大气星(hybrid star)。然而,很難說宇宙中是否真的存在這樣的星星,因為現時物理學家對臨界壓力或密度所知甚少。

零壓力下穩定存在的奇異物質

如果“奇異物質假說”是正確的,則亞穩定的核子物質(即普通物質)會衰變成最穩定的奇異物質。由於衰變的時間十分長,所以我們很少看到衰變的過程。然而,根據奇異物質假說,宇宙中應該存在奇異物質:

  • 夸克星(奇異星)由內至外都含有奇異物質。它們可能有一層很薄的核物質殼。[2]
  • 奇異夸克團是小塊的奇異物質,或許細如核子。它們可能源於奇異星的形成、碰撞,或核物質的衰變。[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 J. Madsen, "Physics and astrophysics of strange quark matter" arXiv:astro-ph/9809032页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Lect. Notes Phys. 516:162-203 (1999)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 F. Weber, "Strange quark matter and compact stars", arXiv:astro-ph/0407155页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys.54:193-288,2005.
  3. ^ A. Bodmer "Collapsed Nuclei" Phys. Rev. D4, 1601 (1971)
  4. ^ Edward Witten, "Cosmic Separation Of Phases" Phys. Rev. D30, 272 (1984)

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