Anamalai Tiger Reserve

Anaimalai Tiger Reserve
Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Asian elephants in Anamalai Tiger Reserve
Map showing the location of Anaimalai Tiger Reserve
Map showing the location of Anaimalai Tiger Reserve
Location in Tamil Nadu, India
LocationCoimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India
Coordinates10°25′01″N 77°03′24″E / 10.4170°N 77.0567°E / 10.4170; 77.0567
Established1976[1][2]
Governing bodyTamil Nadu Forest Department
www.forests.tn.gov.in

Anaimalai Tiger Reserve, earlier known as Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park and as Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, is a protected area in the Anaimalai Hills of Pollachi and Valparai taluks of Coimbatore District and Udumalaipettai taluk in Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The Tamil Nadu Environment and Forests Department by a notification dated 27 June 2007,[3] declared an extent of 958.59 km2 that encompassed the erstwhile IGWLS&NP or Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, as Anaimalai Tiger Reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. According to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, the Reserve presently includes a core area of 958.59 km2 and buffer/peripheral area of 521.28 km2 forming a total area of 1479.87 km2.[4]

Etymology

The park is named after former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi who visited the park on 7 October 1961. The main tourist facilities are located in the northeast corner of the park at "Topslip", so named because of the local 19th century practice of sliding timber logs down the hills from here.[5]

History

Map
Boundary of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve

By the mid-1800s, large tracts of Valparai plateau in the Anamalais were under intense tea or coffee plantations after deforestation of the natural forests. By 1866 two-thirds of the plantations were owned by Europeans and the remaining by Indians from coastal towns. Since most native inhabitants either refused to work or were inefficient workers, labour for plantations was brought from the plains of Tamil Nadu to clear forests and grow coffee.

Some parts of the forest however were reserved for timber including large areas around Top Slip. This part of the Western Ghats, under the Madras Presidency were exploited extensively for teak which was supplied to the Bombay Dockyard for shipbuilding and later for railroad ties.[6]

In 1855, this area came under sustainable forest management for teak plantations by the pioneering efforts Douglas Hamilton and H. F. Cleghorn of the new Tamil Nadu Forest Department. In the early 1900s, protection of the Karian shola was also ensured.[7]

The area was notified as Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974. of its unique habitats at 3 places – Karian Shola, Grass hills, Manjampatti Valley were notified as a National Park in 1989. The 108 square kilometres (42 sq mi) National Park is the core area of the 958 square kilometres (370 sq mi) Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.[1] IGWS was declared a Project Tiger tiger reserve in 2008.

The Park and the Sanctuary is under consideration by UNESCO as part of The Western Ghats World Heritage Site.[8] The Sanctuary and the Palni Hills in Dindigul District form the Aanaimalai Conservation Area.[9]

IGWS&NP, Grass Hills area, Konalar Hut 10°19′22″N 77°04′17″E / 10.32278°N 77.07139°E / 10.32278; 77.07139

The Steering Committee of Project Tiger granted approval in principle to inclusion of Indira Gandhi WLS and NP under Project Tiger in 2005.[10] IGWS was declared a Project Tiger sanctuary in 2008.[11] Continuance of 'Project Tiger' in Anamalai Tiger Reserve for FY 2010/11, at the cost of ₹ 23,547,000 was approved by the National Tiger Conservation Authority on 31 August 2010.[12]

This tiger reserve, together with the several other contiguous protected forest and grassland habitats, is the core of the Parambikulum-Indira Gandhi tiger habitat landscape complex, with tiger occupancy area of about 3,253 km2 (1,256 sq mi) and an estimated metapopulation of 42 tigers.[7]

Geography

Jambu Malai

Mean annual rainfall is between 500 mm (20 in) in the south western fringes and 4,500 millimetres (180 in) on the north east. This Sanctuary is an important watershed for the agricultural economy and power supply in other parts of Tamil Nadu. Major reservoirs like Parambikulam Reservoir, Aliyar Reservoir, Thirumurthi Reservoir, Upper Aliyar Reservoir, Kadambarai, Sholayar Dam and Amaravathi Dam are fed by the perennial rivers which originate from the Sanctuary.[1]

The sanctuary has six administrative ranges;

IGWLS is adjacent to Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary to the west. The core area of Manjampatti Valley is a 110 km2 (42 sq mi)with a drainage basin at the eastern end of the park. Manjampatti Valley is contiguous with Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary to the south and the proposed Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park to the east. The National park enters Ernakulam district and Idukki district of Kerala (the Pooyamkutty forest), from the tribal settlement of Edamalakudy, Idukki. Elevation ranges between 340 m (1,120 ft) and 2,513 m (8,245 ft).

Flora

Dry deciduous forest in Anamalai Tiger Reserve
Moist deciduous forest

The park is home to a wide variety of flora typical of the southern Western Ghats. There are over 2000 plant species, of which about 400 species are of prime medicinal value. The diverse topography and rainfall gradient allow a wide variety of vegetation comprising a mix of natural and human-made habitats. The former includes tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and East Deccan dry evergreen forests, montane shola-grassland, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest, Deccan thorn scrub forests and marshes.[citation needed]

South Western Ghats montane rain forests occur at higher elevations and are interspersed with montane grasslands, forming the shola-grassland complex. Much of the original forest now contains introduced teak plantations. Bamboo stands and reed beds occur in the natural forests. Tree cover is provided by Hopea parviflora, Mesua ferrea, Calophyllum tomentosum, Vateria indica, Cullenia excelsa and Mangifera indica, Machilus macrantha, Alstonia scholaris, Evodia meliaefolia, Ailanthus and Bombax ceiba and Eucalyptus grandis. The area is home to Podocarpus wallichianus, a rare south Indian species of conifer.[1]

Fauna

Leopard in Anamalai
Young lion-tailed macaque
Gaur and white-throated kingfisher

Threatened species of mammals in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve include Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, dhole, Nilgiri tahr and lion-tailed macaque, Indian brown mongoose, gaur, Malabar spiny dormouse, Nilgiri langur, rusty-spotted cat, sambar deer, sloth bear and smooth-coated otter, Indian giant squirrel, Indian leopard and Indian pangolin.

Animals of least concern here include: golden jackal, leopard cat, jungle cat, chital, Indian muntjac, Indian spotted chevrotain, wild boar, gray langur, bonnet macaque, Asian palm civet, small Indian civet, Indian grey mongoose, striped-necked mongoose, ruddy mongoose, grey slender loris, Indian giant squirrel, Indian crested porcupine, Indian pangolin, Indian porcupine and Indian palm squirrel.

Over 250 species of birds have been identified in the park. Some of the most important groups are cormorants, ducks, teal, darter, partridge, quail, jungle fowl, spurfowl, Indian peafowl, parakeets, hornbills, Asian barbets, drongos, orioles, shrikes, warblers, Old World flycatchers, woodpeckers, leafbird, trogons, kingfishers, storks, egrets, Lesser fish eagles, hawk eagles, harriers, falcons, kites, owls and nightjars. It is also home to the near-threatened great Indian hornbill.

It is home to 15 of 16 species of birds endemic to the Western Ghats.

Amphibians and Reptiles include many rare and endemic forms. Some endemic amphibians are the ancient and elusive purple frog, toad skinned frog, thin-legged leaping frog and forest torrent frog, Gadgil's torrent frogs, Anaimalai flying frog, bush frogs and caecilian such as the Uraeotyphlus. Reptiles include the Indian rock python, king cobras, Bengal monitors, Malabar pit vipers, Large-scaled green pit vipers, Nilgiri keelbacks, some 20 species of curious little shield tail snakes, large-scaled forest lizards, Nilgiri forest lizard, flying lizards, Ristella skinks forest cane turtles, and Travancore tortoises.

315 species of butterflies belonging to five families have been identified in the Anaimalai Hills. 44 are endemic to the Western Ghats.[13]

Tribal Communities

The Reserve has significant anthropological diversity with more than 4600 Adivasi people from six tribes of indigenous people living in 34 settlements. The tribes are the Kadars, Malasars, Pulaiyars, Mudugars and the Eravallan (Eravalar).[14][15]

In 1997, annual celebration of Elephant Pongal at Top Slip was begun. For Pongal, several decorated elephants stand in front of the Pongal pot to mark the commencement of the celebration. The elephants are fed chakkarai pongal, banana and sugarcane while lined up behind a barricade, so tourists can have a close look. In 2011, Elephant Pongal was celebrated on 18 January.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary & National Park". Tamil Nadu Forest Department. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
  2. ^ Sen, Sumit K. "Top Slip Indira Gandhi National Park". Birds of India. Kolkata: Sumit K Sen. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  3. ^ Tamil Nadu Government Gazette, Part II—Section 2, No. II(2)/EF/333/2007, dated 27 June 2007, page 240.
  4. ^ "Aanaimalai Tiger Reserve". National Tiger Conservation Authority. 29 June 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.[dead link‍]
  5. ^ National Geographic Channel, OFF THE BEATEN TRACK, Indira Gandhi National Park [1]
  6. ^ Government of India. "Bombay Dock". Early History (Indian Navy). National Informatics Center. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  7. ^ a b Jhala Y.V.; Qureshi, Q.; Gopal, R.; Sinha, P.R. (2011). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India (PDF). New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India and Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  8. ^ UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Anamalai, 2007. [2]
  9. ^ Sajeev T.K.; et al., "Management of Forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forest Productivity- A New Perspective" (PDF), Volume III Anaimalai Conservation Area (ACA), WII-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Grant No. FG-In-780 (In-FS-120), pp. 169–190, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2005
  10. ^ Protected Area Update (Oct. 2005) "New Tiger Reserves" (No. 57) p.17 [3] Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Eight New Tiger Reserves". Press Release. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  12. ^ Dr. Rajesh Gopal, APCCF (PT) and Member Secretary (NTCA) (31 August 2010), "Centrally Sponsored Plan Scheme 'Project Tiger' Administrative Approval for funds release to Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu during 2010–11." (PDF), No. 4-1(32)/2010-PT, New Delhi: National Tiger Conservation Authority, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011, retrieved 2 February 2011
  13. ^ Discover Wild – Care for the Anamalais, retrieved 14 May 2007 the INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY & NATIONAL PARK Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Tribes of the Anamalais". Discover Wild – Care for the Anamalais. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
  15. ^ Sajeev, T.K.; et al. Management of Forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forest Productivity- A New Perspective (PDF). Volume III Anaimalai Conservation Area (ACA) (Report). WII-USDA Forest Service Collaborative Project Grant No. FG-In-780 (In-FS-120). pp. 169–190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2005.
  16. ^ V.S. Palaniappan (19 January 2011), "Jumbos in all majesty at Top Slip", The Hindu, Chennai, archived from the original on 23 January 2011, retrieved 10 February 2011
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