此事在海軍內部激起軒然大波。海軍當時不乏支持發展航空聲音,包括高級將官威廉·索登·西姆斯(William S. Sims)、中層軍官威廉·阿傑·莫菲特(William A. Moffett)、約瑟·李維以至飛行員領袖約翰·亨利·托爾斯(英语:John Henry Towers)(John H. Towers)、亨利·馬斯廷(Henry C. Mustin)及馬克·密茲契等等,均有意引證航空母艦將在未來海戰發揮關鍵作用;部分人觀點更與米切爾相近,認同航母將會取代水面軍艦──尤其是戰艦的主導角色。這些軍官在當時海軍均為異數,無法成為主流;但米切爾的獨立空軍若然成事,將直接損害海軍軍種利益,使海軍內部團結一致抵抗。在美國海軍軍令部長及將官會議的背書下,莫菲爾德在1922年成功說服國會否決獨立空軍,同意水面軍艦仍能抵抗空中轟炸,並准許海軍成立海軍航空署(英语:Bureau of Aeronautics)(Bureau of Aeronautics),以保障海航發展。[2]
由於陸航與海軍均欲進行核試,金恩在10月16日同意陸航要求,並建議舉辦一次陸海軍聯合核試,由參謀長聯席會議統籌。[3]27日金恩向傳媒公佈核試初步構思,預備投入80至100艘多餘軍艦,當中大多數為美國軍艦;[6]但要到12月10日,海軍才正式宣佈即將與陸軍作聯合核試。[3]在一番爭奪下,1946年1月11日威廉·白蘭地(William H. P. Blandy)海軍中將獲任命為第一陸海軍聯合特遣艦隊(Joint Task Force 1, JTF-1)之首,負責設計及監控「十字路口行動」核試;而參與曼哈頓計劃的陸軍萊斯利·格羅夫斯上校(Leslie Groves)則告落選。[7]然而,施特勞斯起初建議海軍將軍艦分佈在廣闊海域,但白蘭地在陸軍壓力下,被迫同意將軍艦集結,並注滿燃料及彈藥,使軍艦更易起火沉沒。[8]海軍起初亦希望評核委員會全由海軍將官出任,但在麥克馬洪的壓力下,杜魯門下令設立民間獨立委員會,以確保評核能客觀中立呈現予美國公眾。[9]十字路口行動至此正式升級為海軍與陸航的輿論戰場。按照當時助理海軍部長侯活·彼得森(Howard C. Peterson)所說,核試「即將決定海軍命運……倘若海軍在核試中表現較公眾想像出眾,則海軍必可取得輿論勝利。」[10]
在核彈選用方面,核試兩顆核彈均使用胖子原子彈的鈈元素。Able使用的核彈代號為「吉爾達」(Gilda)。而Baker核彈則為「比堅尼的海倫」(Helen of Bikini)。吉爾達核彈的鈈內核在洛斯阿拉莫斯曾兩次意外超越臨界點,造成哈里·K·達格利恩及路易斯·斯洛廷兩名科學家死亡,使之被戲稱為「恶魔核心」。[19]
十字路口行動在8月10日結束後,殘存的靶艦由拖船拖往瓜加林環礁,並在當地卸載彈藥及燃料。10艘靶艦經拖船帶回美國作輻射研究,12艘靶艦因輻射較輕微,由原駐艦船員駛回美國,而其他軍艦則多在瓜加林或加州外海被擊沉,將輻射帶到其他地方。95艘靶艦最終只有九艘返回美國出售拆解。至於遭輻射污染的支援艦,則在返國後進入船塢作深入清洗,並替換所有受污染系統。而核試官方報告則在1947年公佈。[70]核試經驗促使海軍研發反輻射污染清洗系統(Countermeasure Wash Down Systems,CMWDS),以改善艦艇清理輻射能力。
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Strauss, Lewis, Men and Decisions, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1962 (英语)
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Waters, Odale D., Jr., Crossroads: A Tin Can Perspective, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute 112 (7) (Annapolis, Maryland: Self published), July 1986, 112 (7): 72–74, ISSN 0041-798X(英语)
Jean-Baptiste OlivierPortrait of general Jean-Baptiste OlivierBorn25 December 1765 (1765-12-25)Strasbourg, Haut-Rhin, FranceDied27 September 1813 (1813-09-28) (aged 47)Witternesse, Pas-de-Calais, FranceAllegiance FranceService/branchInfantryYears of service1781–1813RankGeneral of DivisionBattles/warsFrench Revolutionary WarsNapoleonic WarsAwardsLégion d'Honneur, Grand OfficerOrder of the Iron CrownOther workBaron of the Empire Jean-Baptiste Olivier (25 December 1765
En schweizisk armékniv är en fällkniv som dessutom innehåller allehanda mindre verktyg. De första knivarna av denna typ tillverkades under 1800-talet. Begreppet schweizisk armékniv är kopplat till den schweiziska lanseringen av en förbättrad officersmodell 1896 och dess framgångsrika utveckling under 1900-talet, i första hand via tillverkaren Victorinox. Historia Bakgrund Redan i mitten av 1800-talet fanns tillverkning av fällknivar, där själva kniven kompletterades med andra ve...
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merge...
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Schubert in 1827 Six moments musicaux, D. 780 (Op. 94) is a collection of six short pieces for solo piano composed by Franz Schubert. Along with the Impromptus, they are among the most frequently played of all Schubert's piano music, and have been recorded many times. No. 3 in F minor has been arranged by Leopold Godowsky and others. Background It has been said that Schubert was deeply influenced in writing these pieces by the Impromptus, Op. 7, of Jan Václav Voříšek (1822).[1] ...