马切伊·亨内伯格(Maciej Henneberg,1989)纪录了一个距今8000年的加龙文化老年女性头骨,它与瓦迪哈勒法、现代黑人和澳大利亚土著有密切联系,与北非(梅克塔-阿法卢人(英语:Mechta-Afalou),即古柏柏尔人)或者之后的原始地中海类型(卡普萨文化)的上古石器时代材料有明显不同。头骨具有折中的性质,一方面骨骼纤细,另一方面却拥有较大的牙齿和沉重的下颚骨。[25]2021年S. O. Y. 凯塔的简短报告中也得出了相似的结果,并说明了加龙文化与肯尼亚泰塔人(英语:Taita people)的亲缘关系。[26]
然而,一些学者对这一观点提出了质疑,他们引用了语言学、[50]体质人类学、[51]考古学[52][53][54]和遗传学数据[55][56][57][58][59],这些数据不支持史前时期来自黎凡特的大规模迁移假说。历史学家威廉·斯蒂布林(William Stiebling)和考古学家苏珊·N·赫尔夫特(Susan N. Helft)认为,这一观点认为古埃及人与努比亚人及其他撒哈拉人是同一原始人口群体,而有一些来自阿拉伯、黎凡特、北非和印欧人的基因输入,这些人在埃及的漫长历史中定居于此。另一方面,斯蒂布林和赫尔夫特承认,北非人群的遗传研究通常表明在新石器时代或更早时期有大量近东人口的涌入。他们还补充说,目前关于古埃及DNA的研究很少,无法解释这些问题。[60]
^R. Schild; F. Wendorf. Late Palaeolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Nile Valley of Nubia and Upper Egypt. E A. A. Garcea (编). South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples Between 130,000 and 10,000 years ago. Oxbow Books: 89–125. 2014.
^Boëtsch, Gilles. Noirs ou blancs : une histoire de l'anthropologie biologique de l'Égypte. Égypte/Monde arabe. 1995-12-31, (24): 113–138. ISSN 1110-5097. doi:10.4000/ema.643(法语). Falkenburger also notes a great heterogeneity in the measurements taken on 1,800 Egyptian skulls. From indices expressing the shape of the face, nose and orbits, Falkenburger divides the ancient Egyptians into four types - Cro-Magnon type, Negroid type, Mediterranean type and mixed type, resulting from the mixture of the first three.
^Zvelebil, M. Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1986: 5–15, 167–188.
^Bellwood, P. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2005.
^Dokládal, M.; Brožek, J. Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments. Current Anthropology. 1961, 2 (5): 455–477. S2CID 161324951. doi:10.1086/200228.
^Zvelebil, M. On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989). Antiquity. 1989, 63 (239): 379–383. S2CID 162882505. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00076110.
^Smith, P. (2002) The palaeo-biological evidence for admixture between populations in the southern Levant and Egypt in the fourth to third millennia BC. In: Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the Early 3rd Millennium BC, London–New York: Leicester University Press, 118–128
^Keita, S.O.Y. Early Nile Valley Farmers from El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European" Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data. Journal of Black Studies. 2005, 36 (2): 191–208. S2CID 144482802. doi:10.1177/0021934704265912.
^Kemp, B. 2005 "Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation". Routledge. p. 52–60
^Shirai, Noriyuki. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Leiden University Press. 2010.
^Wetterstrom, W. Shaw, T.; et al , 编. Archaeology of Africa. London: Routledge. 1993: 165–226.
^Rahmani, N. Le Capsien typique et le Capsien supérieur. Cambridge Monographs in Archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 2003, (57).
^"There is no evidence, no archaeological signal, for a mass migration (settler colonization)" into Egypt from southwest Asia at the time of the writing. Core Egyptian culture was well established. A total peopling of Egypt at this time from the Near East would have meant the mass migration of Semitic speakers. The ancient Egyptian language – using the usual academic language taxonomy – is a branch within Afroasiatic with one member (not counting place of origin/urheimat is within Africa, using standard linguistic criteria based on the locale of greatest diversity, deepest branches, and least moves accounting for its five or six branches or sevem, if Ongota is counted".Template:Verify inline Keita, S. O. Y. Ideas about 'Race' in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of 'Racial' Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from 'Black Pharaohs' to Mummy Genomest. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. September 2022.
^Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk. Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa. Antiquity. March 2014, 88 (339): 95–111. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 49229774. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00050249(英语).
^Redford, Donald. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. 2001: 27–28. ISBN 978-0195102345.
^"P2 (PN2) marker, within the E haplogroup, connects the predominant Y chromosome lineage found in Africa overall after the modern human left Africa. P2/M215-55 is found from the Horn of Africa up through the Nile Valley and west to the Maghreb, and P2/V38/M2 is predominant in most of infra-Saharan tropical Africa". Shomarka, Keita. Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and 'Identity'. Ancient Egyptian society: challenging assumptions, exploring approaches. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 2022: 111–122. ISBN 978-0367434632.
^"Moreover, the available genetic evidence – relating in particular to the M35/215 Y-chromosome lineage – also accords with just this kind of demographic history. This lineage had its origins broadly in the Horn of Africa and East Africa." Ehret, Christopher. Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE. Princeton University Press. 20 June 2023: 97. ISBN 978-0-691-24410-5(英语).
^Anselin, Alain H. Egypt in its African context: proceedings of the conference held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2-4 October 2009. Oxford: Archaeopress. 2011: 43–54. ISBN 978-1407307602.
^Seeher, Jürgen. Ma'adi and Wadi Digla. Bard, Kathryn A. (编). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London/New York: Routledge: 455–458. 1999. ISBN 9780415185899.
^Williams, Bruce. The Qustul Incense Burner and the Case for a Nubian Origin of Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Celenko, Theodore (编). Egypt in Africa. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indianapolis Museum of Art. 1996: 95–97. ISBN 978-0936260648.
^"When Mahalanobis D2 was used,the Naqadan and Badarian Predynastic samples exhibited more similarity to Nubian, Tigrean, and some more southern series than to some mid- to late Dynasticseries from northern Egypt (Mukherjee et al., 1955). The Badarian have been found to be very similar to a Kerma sample (Kushite Sudanese), using both the Penrose statistic (Nutter, 1958) and DFA of males alone (Keita, 1990). Furthermore, Keita considered that Badarian males had a southern modal phenotype, and that together with a Naqada sample, they formed a southern Egyptian cluster as tropical variants together with a sample from Kerma". Zakrzewski, Sonia R. Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. April 2007, 132 (4): 501–509. PMID 17295300. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20569(英语).
^"When Mahalanobis D2 was used, the Naqadan and Badarian Predynastic samples exhibited more similarity to Nubian, Tigrean, and some more southern series than to some mid- to late Dynasticseries from northern Egypt (Mukherjee et al., 1955). The Badarian have been found to be very similar to a Kerma sample (Kushite Sudanese), using both the Penrose statistic (Nutter, 1958) and DFA of males alone (Keita, 1990). Furthermore, Keita considered that Badarian males had a southern modal phenotype, and that together with a Naqada sample, they formed a southern Egyptian cluster as tropical variants together with a sample from Kerma". Zakrzewski, Sonia R. Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. April 2007, 132 (4): 501–509. PMID 17295300. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20569(英语).
^Lovell, Nancy; Prowse, Tracy. Concordance of cranial and dental morphological traits and evidence for endogamy in ancient Egypt. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. October 1996, 101 (2): 237–246. PMID 8893087. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199610)101:2<237::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Z. Table 3 presents the MMD data for Badari, Qena, and Nubia in addition to Naqada and shows that these samples are all significantly different from each other. ... 1) the Naqada samples are more similar to each other than they are to the samples from the neighbouring Upper Egyptian or Lower Nubian sites and 2) the Naqada samples are more similar to the Lower Nubian protodynastic sample than they are to the geographically more proximate Egyptian samples.
^Maadi Culture. University College London. [3 April 2018].
^"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. The distribution of population characteristics seems to follow a clinal pattern from south to north, which may be explained by natural selection as well as gene flow between neighboring populations. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas". Lovell, Nancy C. Egyptians, physical anthropology of. Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake (编). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge: 328–331. 1999. ISBN 0415185890.
^Lovell, Nancy C. Egyptians, physical anthropology of(PDF). Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake (编). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge: 328–331. 1999. ISBN 0415185890.
^Malville, J. McKim, Astronomy at Nabta Playa, Egypt, Ruggles, C.L.N. (编), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy 2, New York: Springer Science+Business Media: 1079–1091, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1
^"Iron beads were worn in Egypt as early as 4000 B.C., but these were of meteoric iron, evidently shaped by the rubbing process used in shaping implements of stone", quoted under the heading "Columbia Encyclopedia: Iron Age" at Iron Age, Answers.com. Also, see History of ferrous metallurgy#Meteoric iron—"Around 4000 BC small items, such as the tips of spears and ornaments, were being fashioned from iron recovered from meteorites" – attributed to R. F. Tylecote, A History of Metallurgy (2nd edition, 1992), p. 3.
Sau đây là danh sách các câu lạc bộ bóng đá ở Mông Cổ, sắp xếp theo thứ tự bảng chữ cái.[1] Erchim (đội UB Power Plant) (Ulaanbaatar) FC Ulaanbaatar (Ulaanbaatar) Khangarid (Erdenet) Khasiin Khulguud (đội Bank) (Ulaanbaatar) Khoromkhon (Ulaanbaatar) Selenge Press (Ulaanbaatar) Ulaanbaatar University (Ulaanbaatar) Ulaanbaataryn Mazaalaynuud (Ulaanbaatar) Tham khảo ^ Mongolia 2012 from RSSSF xts Bóng đá Mông CổLiên đoàn bóng đá Mông Cổ
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أكتوبر 2020) فيكتور ندياي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1 يونيو 1992 (العمر 31 سنة)مدينة كيبك الطول 1.71 م (5 قدم 7 بوصة) مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية كندا معلومات النادي الناد
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2017) علم اليوم والليلة علم يبحث فيه عن اختلاف الليل والنهار ومقدار زمانهما وأيهما أقدم في الوجود وأفضل من الآخر وما يتصل بذلك. والغرض والغاية منه ظاهران. وموضو...
This article is about the VA 895 bridge over the James River. For other bridges with this name, see Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge (disambiguation). BridgeVietnam Veterans Memorial BridgeCoordinates37°26′31″N 77°25′22″W / 37.4419°N 77.4229°W / 37.4419; -77.4229CarriesMotor vehiclesCrossesJames RiverCharacteristicsTotal length1,475 feet (450 m)Longest span672 feet (205 m)Clearance below145 feet (44 m)StatisticsToll$5.20 for a two-axle vehicl...
فيراكروز Veracruz ولاية علم فيراكروز VeracruzعلمOfficial seal of فيراكروز Veracruzشعار الشعار: بلاس أولترا [لغات أخرى](Beyond) نشيد وطني: Himno Veracruzano الاسم الرسمي Estado Libre y Soberano deVeracruz de Ignacio de la Llave State of Veracruz within Mexico الإحداثيات 19°26′N 96°23′W / 19.433°N 96.383°W / 19.433; -96.383 دولة ذات سياد...
American band This article is about the 1980s American band. For the Canadian band, see Little Girls (band). For other uses, see Little Girl. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: The Little Girls – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) The Little GirlsOriginSan Ferna...
Political party in Australia Not to be confused with Australian Progressives. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Australian Progressive Alliance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) Australian Progressive Alliance AbbreviationAPALeaderMeg LeesFounderMeg LeesFou...
2018 interactive story and video game 2018 video gameFlorencePreview title image for FlorenceDeveloper(s)MountainsPublisher(s)Annapurna InteractiveDirector(s)Ken WongComposer(s)Kevin PenkinEngineUnityPlatform(s)AndroidiOSmacOS[1]Nintendo Switch[1]Windows[1]ReleaseiOSFebruary 14, 2018AndroidMarch 14, 2018macOS, NS, WindowsFebruary 13, 2020Genre(s)Interactive novel, MinigamesMode(s)Single-player Florence is an interactive story and video game developed by the Australian ...
The Pacific IndexThe IndexTypeStudent newspaperFormatTabloidOwner(s)Pacific UniversityEditor-in-chiefElla Cutter & Bren SwoggerHeadquartersForest Grove, OregonWebsitewww.pacindex.com The Pacific Index is the student-run newspaper of Pacific University in Forest Grove, Oregon, United States. The biweekly paper is a member of the College Publisher Network.[1] History Pacific University started a campus newspaper in 1893 as a monthly paper named the Pacific University Index.[2 ...
Community colleges in Orange County, California Coastline Community CollegeMottoTomorrow's College Today.TypePublic community collegeEstablished1976; 47 years ago (1976)Parent institutionCoast Community College District, California Community CollegesPresidentVincent Rodriguez[1]Students10,705 (spring 2018)[2]LocationFountain Valley, California, U.S.33°42′56″N 117°55′45″W / 33.715607°N 117.929209°W / 33.715607; -117.929209Ma...
United States historic placeWallingford Fire and Police StationU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of Washington (state)Show map of the United StatesLocation1629 N. 45th St., Seattle, WashingtonCoordinates47°39′42″N 122°20′09″W / 47.66167°N 122.33583°W / 47.66167; -122.33583 (Wallingford Fire and Police Station)Arealess than one acreBuilt1913, 1921, 1965ArchitectDaniel Riggs HuntingtonNRHP reference No.83003347[1]Add...
Abdurrahman SiddiqLahir1857Dalam Pagar, MartapuraMeninggal10 Maret 1939Sapat, Indragiri HilirDikenal atasUlamaOrang tuaDatu Landak Syekh Abdurrahman Siddiq bin Muhammad Afif al-Banjari bin Mahmud bin Jamaluddin (lahir di Dalam Pagar, Martapura, Kalimantan Selatan tahun 1857 – meninggal di Sapat, Indragiri Hilir, Riau 10 Maret 1930 pada umur 72 tahun) adalah seorang ulama dari etnis Banjar yang dikenal di mana-mana bahkan sampai di Mekkah karena ia juga menjadi pengajar di Masjidil Haram. ...
Japanese high-speed train service Hikari700 series Hikari Rail Star, April 2009OverviewService typeShinkansenFirst service25 April 1958 (Express)1 October 1964 (Shinkansen)Current operator(s)JR Central, JR WestFormer operator(s)JNRRouteLine(s) usedTōkaidō ShinkansenSan'yō ShinkansenOn-board servicesClass(es)Green + StandardCatering facilitiesTrolley refreshment serviceTechnicalRolling stock700/N700 seriesTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrific...
German politician (1900–1958) Josef GockelnJosef Gockeln on a state election poster 1950Member of the BundestagIn office7 September 1949 – 6 December 1958 Personal detailsBorn(1900-03-18)18 March 1900[[]]Died6 December 1958(1958-12-06) (aged 58)[[]], [[]], GermanyNationalityGermanPolitical partyCDU Josef Gockeln (18 March 1900 – 6 December 1958) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.[1] Life He...
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) فسيفس...
Рупор (нід. roeper, від roepen — кричати) — труба, за допомогою якої підсилюють гучність звуку або концентрують у необхідному напрямку звукову або електромагнітну енергію. Акустичні рупори застосовують головним чином у рупорних гучномовцях. Рупори, яким підсилюють голо...
Der Isenburger Hof oder Herrenhöfchen ist ein Teil von Heddesdorf, einem Stadtteil von Neuwied in Rheinland-Pfalz. Das ehemalige Anwesen wird von der B 42 im Bereich der Kirmeswiese Heddesdorf durchschnitten und ist unter anderem mit einem Hochhaus bebaut. Bekannt ist es heute unter der Bezeichnung Landratsgarten. Geschichte Ehem. Landratsamt (Isenburger Hof) Ehem. Stallung am Landratsamt Der ehemalige fränkisch-isenburgische Herrenhof (heute Haus Heddesdorf im Landratsgarten), der seit dem...
Эту страницу предлагается переименовать в «Магнитар».Пояснение причин и обсуждение — на странице Википедия:К переименованию/28 сентября 2021. Пожалуйста, основывайте свои аргументы на правилах именования статей. Не удаляйте шаблон до подведения итога обсуждения. Переи...