保加利亞兩棲動物列表

保加利亞地形圖

保加利亚東南歐的一個國家,位於巴爾幹半島。目前已知棲息於此的两栖动物計有20種,為該國境內脊椎動物中物種多樣性最低的一[1]:34。保加利亞境內的7種有尾目動物全屬蠑螈科,包含水螈英语newt及蠑螈;13種無尾目則分屬5科:铃蟾科蟾蜍科樹蟾科鋤足蟾科,以及蛙科。最新的紀錄種為2005年紀錄的大冠蝾螈[1]:37,以及2007年紀錄的馬其頓冠歐螈英语Macedonian crested newt[2]。最常見的物種則包含绿蟾蜍多彩铃蟾,及湖侧褶蛙

保加利亞爬虫两栖类学的奠基者是一位教師瓦希爾·科瓦契夫保加利亞語Васил Ковачев,他在19世紀末及20世紀初發表了一系列的論文,並寫了《保加利亞兩棲爬蟲動物志》(Херпетологичната фауна на България)一書[1]:28。1930年代到1940年代,動物學家伊凡·布雷什英语Ivan Buresh和他的同事約丹·岑可夫(Йордан Ценков)對於保國境內兩棲爬蟲類的多樣性及分布進行了較為深入的研究。到了20世紀後半葉,該領域的研究則以保加利亞兩棲爬蟲學家弗拉迪米爾·貝什科夫(Владимир Бешков)博士為首繼續進行[1]:28

保加利亞具有相當的棲地多樣性。該國全境位於古北界界內,境內有六個陸相生態區,分別為巴爾幹混合林區英语Balkan mixed forests羅多彼山脈混合林區英语Rodope montane mixed forests黑海-柯爾基斯落葉林區英语Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests愛琴海暨西土耳其硬葉及混合林區英语Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests東歐森林草原英语Forest steppe,以及東歐大草原[3]。除此之外,保國境內也有豐富的地勢變化。由北到南分別有多瑙河平原英语Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)巴尔干山脉下巴爾幹山谷英语Sub-Balkan valleys里拉罗多彼山脉上色雷斯平原英语Upper Thracian Plain,以及斯特蘭賈山脈等等。該國也有相當緻密的水系網絡和河流,但多瑙河並不包含在其中,因其支流大多較短且水流不豐沛[4]:68。保加利亞的年降水量約為 670 mm ,且雨量隨海拔遞增。境內最乾旱的區域為多瑙河平原東北方的多布羅加,年降水量僅 450 mm ;雨量最豐沛的地方則為奧戈斯塔河位於西巴爾幹山區的上游河谷,降水量可達 2293 mm[4]:57-58

物種列表

蝾螈科(Salamandridae)

蝾螈科的成員遍及陸域及水域,大多分布於亚洲欧洲北非北美也有部分物種分布。本科大多數物種的皮膚分泌物具有輕微毒性,且生活史相當多元且複雜,許多物種每年會有水棲期及陸棲期。當春天來臨,進入水棲期的蠑螈會長出背鰭及尾鰭[5]。本科有21屬119種[6],其中保加利亞境內有紀錄的共4屬8種[7]

蠑螈科(Salamandridae)
中文俗名 學名 分布 保育狀態[a] 圖像
普通歐螈英语smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris 廣義普通歐螈(Lissotriton vulgaris sensu lato)全境可見,分布於海拔 1500 m 以下地區[1]:33。狹義的普通歐螈分布於保加利亞東北方[8]
 LC [9]
斯氏歐螈 Lissotriton schmidtleri 屬於普通歐螈種群,分布於保加利亞東南方[8]
高山歐螈英语Alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris 最常見於里拉山脉和西罗多彼山脉;部分族群分布於西巴爾幹山脈、中斯雷那山脈奧索戈沃山脈[1]:34
 LC [10]
火蠑螈 Salamandra salamandra 濕度較高的山地森林區,注意多瑙河平原英语Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)上色雷斯平原英语Upper Thracian Plain無分布[1]:32
 LC [11]
大冠蝾螈 Triturus cristatus 西巴爾幹山近弗拉察的地區,2005年在保加利亞首次記錄[1]:37[12][13]
 LC [14]
多瑙河冠歐螈英语Danube crested newt Triturus dobrogicus 多瑙河及其支流下游[1]:38
 NT [15]
巴爾幹冠歐螈英语Balkan-Anatolian crested newt Triturus ivanbureschi 常見於全國海拔 1500 m 以下區域;未分布於多瑙河及其支流下游[1]:36
 NE 
馬其頓冠歐螈英语Macedonian crested newt Triturus macedonicus 斯拉維揚卡山,位於保加利亞西南方[2]
 NE 


铃蟾科(Bombinatoridae)

铃蟾科旧大陆的蟾蜍支系,體型較為扁平,本屬計有2屬10種,分別為巴蟾属Barbourula)及铃蟾属Bombina)。保加利亞境內有2種,全屬鈴蟾屬[16]

铃蟾科(Bombinatoridae)
中文俗名 學名 分布 保育狀態 圖像
红腹铃蟾 Bombina bombina 分布於海拔 250 m 以下低海拔地區,常見於多瑙河平原、上色雷斯平原,及黑海海岸英语Bulgarian Black Sea Coast[1]:45
 LC [17]
多彩铃蟾 Bombina variegata 分布於海拔 2000 m 以下山區,常見於皮林山脈及巴爾幹山脈[1]:46
 LC [18]

蟾蜍科(Bufonidae)

蟾蜍科分布於除澳洲南极洲以外的各大洲。本科物種的前肢較短,後肢較長以利於跳躍或移動。皮膚較乾,眼後方具有腮腺。本科具有50屬590種,保加利亞境內則有2種,分屬蟾蜍屬Bufo)及漠蟾属Bufotes[19]

蟾蜍科(Bufonidae)
中文俗名 學名 分布 保育狀態 圖像
大蟾蜍 Bufo bufo 分布於全國海拔 1300 m 以下地區,但曾在皮林山脈 1960 m 處記錄到本種[1]:51
 LC [20]
绿蟾蜍 Bufotes viridis 分布於全國海拔 1200 m 以下地區,但曾在里拉山脉 2000 m 處記錄到本種[1]:52-53
 LC [21]

樹蟾科(Hylidae)

樹蟾科是兩棲動物中種類最多樣化的一科,計有51屬951種,分布於全球。大多數物種分布於氣候較濕熱的熱帶帶區,特別是在新熱帶界。樹蟾科的體型有大有小,趾的尖端擁有特化的趾墊,末趾節間有介軟骨,以協助其攀爬。目前歐洲已知僅有雨蛙屬一屬分布,該屬共有37種,其中6屬分布於歐洲,保加利亞境內有一種[22]

樹蟾科(Hylidae)
中文俗名 學名 分布 保育狀態 圖像
歐洲樹蛙 Hyla arborea 普遍分布於全國海拔 1300 m 以下地區,但曾在里拉山脈 2300 m 處記錄到本種[1]:54
 LC [23]

鋤足蟾科(Pelobatidae)

鋤足蟾科是相當小的一科,僅有1屬4種,分布於歐洲、西亞,及西北非。本科成員的四肢較短,體型圓胖,瞳孔垂直。另外還會分泌一種類似味的氣味 ,因此在保加利亞語稱之為「切斯諾維察」(чесновица),意為「蒜蟾」。保加利亞境內共有2種[24]

鋤足蟾科(Pelobatidae)
中文俗名 學名 分布 保育狀態 圖像
棕色鋤足蟾 Pelobates fuscus 分布於多瑙河沿岸,黑海北海岸。索菲亞谷地英语Sofia Valley也有零星族群[1]:48
 LC [25]
敘利亞鋤足蟾英语Pelobates syriacus Pelobates syriacus 分布於多瑙河沿岸、全黑海海岸、北色雷斯平原,以及南斯特魯馬河谷[1]:48
 LC [26]

蛙科(Ranidae)

蛙科分布的範圍相當廣,許多種類擁有長而有力的後腿,具有蹼及流線型的身體,以利於跳躍及游泳。本屬有14屬379種,保加利亞境內有2屬6種[27]

蛙科(Ranidae)
中文俗名 學名 分布 保育狀態 圖像
歐洲水蛙 Pelophylax kl. esculentus 多瑙河沿岸及支流下游,以及黑海沿岸[1]:60
 LC [28]
莱桑池蛙 Pelophylax lessonae 保加利亞最西部的多瑙河沿岸[1]:62
 LC [29]
湖侧褶蛙 Pelophylax ridibundus 全國海拔 1300 m 以下區域,但曾在貝拉西察英语Belasitsa 2000 m 處記錄到本種[1]:59
 LC [30]
捷蛙 Rana dalmatina 全國海拔 1200 m 以下區域,但曾在海拔 2000 m 處記錄到本種[1]:56
 LC [31]
希臘溪蛙英语Greek stream frog Rana graeca 保加利亞西南方[1]:57
 LC [32]
林蛙 Rana temporaria 海拔 1000 至 2000 m 之間的山區,如巴爾幹山脈、里拉山脈、皮林山脈、維托莎英语Vitosha山脈、奧索戈沃山脈羅多彼山脈[1]:58
 LC [33]

參見

腳註

註釋

^  a:  本列表的「保护状况」參考自國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄,因此反映的為該物種在全球的保護狀況:

保護狀態(根據國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄):

 EX  - 绝灭 EW  - 野外绝灭
 CR  - 極危 EN  - 瀕危 VU  - 易危
 NT  - 近危 LC  - 无危
 DD  - 数据缺乏 NE  - 未予評估


參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 Biserkov, V. Определител на земноводните и влечугите в България. София: Зелени Балкани. 2007. ISBN 978-954-9433-07-4 (保加利亚语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Naumov, Borislav; Tzankov, Nikolay. First record of Triturus macedonicus (Karaman, 1922) (Amphibia: Salamandridae) in Bulgaria (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica (National Museum of Natural History). 2008, 19: 111–114 [2015-07-13]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-07-14). 
  3. ^ List of Ecoregions. WWF. [2016-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-04). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Дончев, Дончо; Каракашев, Христо. Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България. София: Ciela. 2004. ISBN 954-649-717-7 (保加利亚语). 
  5. ^ 水螈和歐螈(蠑螈科). 自然與人文數位博物館. 國立自然科學博物館. [2016-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-04). 
  6. ^ AmphibiaWeb - Salamandridae. amphibiaweb.org. [2019-04-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-10). 
  7. ^ Salamandridae. AmphibiaWeb. [2015-03-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-01). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Babik, Wiesław; Zieliński, Piotr; Sotiropoulos, Konstantinos; Sillero, Neftalí; Si, Yali; Salvi, Daniele; Popgeorgiev, Georgi; Pezzarossa, Alice; Pabijan, Maciej. The distributions of the six species constituting the smooth newt species complex (Lissotriton vulgaris sensu lato and L. montandoni) – an addition to the New Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe. Amphibia-Reptilia. 2018-01-01, 39 (2): 252–259 [2019-04-25]. ISSN 1568-5381. doi:10.1163/15685381-17000128. (原始内容存档于2019-04-25). 
  9. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Lissotriton vulgaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  10. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Mesotriton alpestris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  11. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Salamandra salamandra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  12. ^ Tzankov, Nikolay; Stoyanov, Andrei. Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768): a new species for Bulgaria from its southernmost localities. 2008. ISSN 0036-3375. 
  13. ^ Triturus cristatus. AmphibiaWeb. [2015-03-13]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-10). 
  14. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Triturus cristatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  15. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Triturus dobrogicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  16. ^ Bombinatoridae. AmphibiaWeb. [2015-03-18]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-08). 
  17. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Bombina bombina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  18. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Bombina variegata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  19. ^ Bufonidae. AmphibiaWeb. [2015-03-18]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-30). 
  20. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Bufo bufo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  21. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Bufo viridis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  22. ^ Hylidae. AmphibiaWeb. [2015-03-18]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-13). 
  23. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Hyla arborea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  24. ^ Pelobatidae. AmphibiaWeb. [2015-03-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-23). 
  25. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Pelobates fuscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  26. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Bufo viridis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  27. ^ Pelobatidae. AmphibiaWeb. [2015-03-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-23). 
  28. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Pelophylax kl. esculentus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  29. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Pelophylax lessonae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  30. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Pelophylax ridibundus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  31. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Rana dalmatina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  32. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Rana graeca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 
  33. ^ Arntzen, J.W. et al. Rana temporaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009. [2015-03-13]. 

參考書目

  • Beshkov, Vladimir; Nanev, Krastyo. Земноводни и влечуги в България. София: Пенсофт. 2002. ISBN 954-642-147-2 (保加利亚语). 

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Parc de la préhistoire de Rivolta d'AddaFontaine avec les tortues et les carpes à l'entrée du parcGéographiePays  ItalieRégion LombardieProvince CrémoneCommune Rivolta d'AddaCoordonnées 45° 28′ 25″ N, 9° 29′ 59″ EAdministrationType Site archéologiqueCréation 1978Site web (it) www.parcodellapreistoria.itmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Le Parc de la Préhistoire (en italien : Parco della Preistoria) est un parc édu...

 

South Korean poet (born 1943) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources:...

 

Male parent Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Father (disambiguation), Dad (disambiguation), Daddy (disambiguation), and Fatherhood (disambiguation). Parental Advice by Josephus Laurentius Dyckmans, created 1831–1888 A father is the male parent of a child. Besides the paternal bonds of a father to his children, the father may have a parental, legal, and social relationship with the child that carries with it certain rights and obligations. A biological fat...

Autorretrato de Paul Delaroche. Hippolyte Delaroche (París, 17 de julio de 1797-París, 4 de noviembre de 1859), conocido como Paul Delaroche, fue un pintor francés romántico de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Pintor de retratos y de cuadros de historia, alumno de Gros, Delaroche fue profesor de la Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes, de París, en 1832, donde enseñó a numerosos pintores entre los que se hallan: Antigna, Boulanger, Gérôme, Landelle, etc.. En 1835 se casó con la úni...

 

Yaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah Primer Ministro de Kuwait 4 de diciembre de 2011-19 de noviembre de 2019Monarca Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Yaber Al-SabahPredecesor Naser Al-Mohamed Al-Ahmed Al-SabahSucesor Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah Información personalNacimiento 5 de enero de 1942 (81 años)Ciudad de Kuwait (Kuwait) Nacionalidad KuwaitíReligión IslamFamiliaHijos Dos hijosEducaciónEducado en Universidad de Kuwait Información profesionalOcupación Político Distinciones Gran cordon de la Orden de...

 

Map of the imperial villages The imperial villages (Reichsdörfer, singular Reichsdorf) were the smallest component entities of the Holy Roman Empire.[1] They possessed imperial immediacy, having no lord but the Emperor, but were not estates. They were unencircled and did not have representation in the Imperial Diet. In all these respects they were similar to the Imperial Knights. The inhabitants of imperial villages were free men.[2] Imperial villages The imperial villages—...

DuntonThe 130th Street Tunnel (with a Kew Gardens water tank in the background). This is the approximate site of the former Dunton LIRR station in September 2017.General informationLocation130th Street and Atlantic Avenue,Dunton, Queens, New YorkCoordinates40°41′48.15″N 73°49′7.3″W / 40.6967083°N 73.818694°W / 40.6967083; -73.818694Owned byLong Island Rail RoadLine(s)Montauk Branch and Atlantic BranchHistoryOpenedJune 1869 (original)by 1890 (re-opening)Clos...

 

Требушет около замка Ле-Бо во Франции (реконструкция) Принцип действия Требуше́т, также требюше (от фр. trébuchet — «(рычажные) весы с коромыслом») — средневековая метательная машина гравитационного действия для осады городов. Внешние изображения Камнемётная машина...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!